In Pittsburgh, in the canneries, 59% of the girls make only $6.00 a week, or less (Butler, l. c., p. 38). Of those employed in the confectionery trades, only twenty-one earn as much as seven dollars (l. c., p. 50). And these two trades have inevitable dull seasons that cut wages much below these figures. Seven hundred out of nine hundred girls in the cracker business receive less than $6.00 a week (l. c., p. 70). Laundries are amongst the worst paying establishments, and there is practically no chance of advancement. The shakers-out never earn more than $4.00 a week, and usually only $3.00 or $3.50 (l. c., p. 170). No mangle girl makes more than $6.00 and most between $3.00 and $5.00 (p. 173). Broom-making often gives only $2.50 a week, and the highest is $5.00 (p. 252). Many box-makers earn only 60c. or 80c. a day, and 80% of the girls are being paid less than $6.00 a week (p. 261). Packing soap-powder in stifling rooms pays $4.50 (p. 270). Nearly 50% of the girls in the printing trades are below the $6.00 standard. These, then, are the facts concerning wages. But no social fact can be entirely isolated. It is always intimately connected with many others, and no treatment of wages can be at all satisfactory without going to some extent into the ramifications of this subject along other lines. A chapter, therefore, will be devoted to the question of health and of morals as affected by industrial conditions and low wages. FOOTNOTES: [49] Report of annual convention of the American Sociological Society, 1908, or Charities and the Commons, now the Survey, March 6, 1909. [50] Cf. p. 36f for discussion of fair wage. [51] Vol. XIX, p. 754. [52] Loc. cit., p. 755. [53] U. S. Bureau of Labor, "Men's Ready-Made Clothing," p. 113. [54] P. XI. [55] Loc. cit., p. 37. [56] P. 31. [57] U. S. Bureau of Labor, "Cotton Textile Industry," p. 305, 1910. [58] U. S. Bureau of Labor, "Men's Ready-Made Clothing," p. 129. [59] L. c., p. 301; cf. also 20th Annual Report Bureau of Labor Statistics of N. Y., pp. 66-67, here quoted. [60] U. S. Bureau of Labor, "Glass Industry," p. 405, 1911. [61] U. S. Bureau Lab., "Wage-Earning Women in Stores and Factories," p. 46, 1911. [62] Report of Bureau of Labor Statistics of New York for 1906, p. XXXI. CHAPTER SIX INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS: HEALTH