The capital was solicited chiefly through labor unions. Elaborate promises were made to prospective shareholders: they were to have a local store in their neighborhood, dividends were to be paid regularly, goods could be bought at prices below those prevailing at the chain stores and the local group was to have local autonomy. As a matter of fact the ultimate control was always in the hands of the few promoters in Buffalo. These men had two large sources of revenue from the many transactions carried on. They exacted from each member five dollars "for organizing expenses," and they took a commission on all the business handled through the wholesale. By the spring of 1921 some of the members in one or two centers became suspicious, and began an investigation. They found that stores were in many cases grossly mismanaged. One manager had absconded with $600. Organizing or promoting expenses in some places were as high as thirty-three per cent. The weekly newspaper was discontinued for lack of funds. Some wholesale merchants finally refused to give further credit to the Buffalo headquarters and at the end of the first year of operation one of the office force confided to a friend that there was a ten thousand dollar deficit. When bankruptcy was finally declared in midsummer, the promoters were not to be found. The principal organizer, an ardent friend of labor for many years, had been completely duped by these promoters and was left penniless and alone to face hundreds of investors. Cooperation was put in disrepute for thousands of men and women in dozens of cities and towns throughout the State. Cooperation cannot be developed downward from a central wholesale organization with a corps of organizers, nor will it grow when built upon mercenary motives. In this case organized labor in the state was partly to blame for not heeding the warning of a few groups of cooperators who were aware of the nature of the concern early in its history. But the ultimate blame lies with the individual men and women who joined the corporation without looking carefully into its organization. * * * * * The Cooperative Society of America.