_Mrs. B._ It is mathematically demonstrable, that, in moving round a point towards which it is attracted, a body passes over equal areas, in equal times. The whole of the space contained within the earth's orbit, is in fig. 4, divided into a number of areas or surfaces; 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. all of which are of equal dimensions, though of very different forms; some of them, you see, are long and narrow, others broad and short: but they each of them contain an equal quantity of space. An imaginary line drawn from the centre of the earth to that of the sun, and keeping pace with the earth in its revolution, passes over equal areas in equal times; that is to say, if it is a month going from A to B, it will be a month going from B to C, and another from C to E, and so on; and the areas A B S, B C S, C E S, will be equal to each other, although the lines A B, B C, C E, are unequal. _Caroline._ What long journeys the earth has to perform in the course of a month, in one part of her orbit, and how short they are in the other part! _Mrs. B._ The inequality is not so considerable as appears in this figure; for the earth's orbit is not so eccentric as it is there described; and in reality, differs but little from a circle: that part of the earth's orbit nearest the sun is called its _perihelion_, that part most distant from the sun, its _aphelion_; and the earth is above three millions of miles nearer the sun at its perihelion than at its aphelion. _Emily._ I think I can trace a consequence from these different situations of the earth; are not they the cause of summer and winter? _Mrs. B._ On the contrary, during the height of summer, the earth is in that part of its orbit which is most distant from the sun, and it is during the severity of winter, that it approaches nearest to it. _Emily._ That is very extraordinary; and how then do you account for the heat being greatest, when we are most distant from the sun? _Mrs. B._ The difference of the earth's distance from the sun in summer and winter, when compared with its total distance from the sun, is but inconsiderable. The earth, it is true, is above three millions of miles nearer the sun in winter than in summer; but that distance, however great it at first appears, sinks into insignificance in comparison with 95 millions of miles, which is our mean distance from the sun. The change of temperature, arising from this difference, would scarcely be sensible, even were it not completely overpowered by other causes which produce the variations of the seasons; but these I shall defer explaining, till we have made some further observations on the heavenly bodies. _Caroline._ And should not the sun appear smaller in summer, when it is so much further from us? _Mrs. B._ It actually does, when accurately measured; but the apparent difference in size, is, I believe, not perceptible to the naked eye.