Produced by Greg Weeks, Carol Brown, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. (This book was produced from scanned images of public domain material from the Google Print project.) Richard Rogers Bowker COPYRIGHT: ITS HISTORY AND ITS LAW. THE ARTS OF LIFE. OF BUSINESS. OF POLITICS. OF RELIGION. OF EDUCATION. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON AND NEW YORK COPYRIGHT ITS HISTORY AND ITS LAW BEING A SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF COPYRIGHT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE AMERICAN CODE OF 1909 AND THE BRITISH ACT OF 1911 BY RICHARD ROGERS BOWKER BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge 1912 COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY R. R. BOWKER ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FOR ALL COUNTRIES _Published March 1912_ FOREWORD {Sidenote: Copyright progress} The American copyright code of 1909, comprehensively replacing all previous laws, a gratifying advance in legislation despite its serious restrictions and minor defects, places American copyright practice on a new basis. The new British code, brought before Parliament in 1910, and finally adopted in December, 1911, to be effective July 1, 1912, marks a like forward step for the British Empire, enabling the mother country and its colonies to participate in the Berlin convention. Among the self-governing Dominions made free to accept the British code or legislate independently, Australia had already adopted in 1905 a complete new code, and Canada is following its example in the measure proposed in 1911, which will probably be conformed to the new British code for passage in 1912. Portugal has already in 1911 joined the family of nations by adherence to the Berlin convention, Russia has shaped and Holland is shaping domestic legislation to the same end, and even China in 1910 decreed copyright protection throughout its vast empire of ancient and reviving letters. The Berlin convention of 1908 strengthened and broadened the bond of the International Copyright Union, and the Buenos Aires convention of 1910, which the United States has already ratified, made a new basis for copyright protection throughout the Pan American Union, both freeing authors from formalities beyond those required in the country of origin. Thus the American dream of 1838 of "a universal republic of letters whose foundation shall be one just law" is well on the way toward realization. {Sidenote: Field for the present treatise}