“whose duty it was to stand between members and partisan managers appealing for places for their favourites, on the one side, and the heads of offices who needed to have these places filled with competent persons, on the other side. This Secretary measured the force of threats and took the weight of influence; he computed the political value of a member’s support and deducted from it the official appraisement of patronage before awarded to him. It is said that actual accounts, Dr. and Cr., were kept with members by this Patronage Secretary.”[66] Whether or not “accounts Dr. and Cr.” are kept by our political organisations, a calculus of essentially the same character must underlie the determination of their policy. On the spending, or political control, side of their ledgers the various heads are comparatively simple. Office holders must be kept in line, and to this end patronage, promotion, and the control of primaries are important. The direct use of money for bribes may play only a small part in this process; opportunities for auto-corruption may be left open in special cases, but personal and party loyalty and ambition can be relied on to a large extent. Back of the office holders of the hour, however, there are the constantly recurring necessities of election day. Party organisation must be kept up continuously, involving the reward in some way of swarms of assistants and hangers-on who cannot all be remunerated directly at public expense. At times votes must be bought, and repeaters, thugs, and ballot-box stuffers must be paid for their services. A heavy toll is apt to be taken out of the funds used for such purposes by every hand through which they pass on their way down. In addition to the expenditures already noted there are many other occasions, some of them quite legitimate in character, and others unobjectionable or even laudable, for the lavish use of money to secure party success and party control.