that no movement against corruption is complete which does not demand frank recognition by the individual that he must deliberately choose to get along less rapidly at times when the cost of advancement is personal dishonour. * * * * * Corrupt practices may begin in, and at first be limited to, the business world, but, as we have just seen, they are likely to overstep economic boundaries and become a menace to the integrity of the state. As such they must also be recognised and discussed as derivative forms of political corruption. But in addition to evils of this kind which originate, as it were, in other fields, various subdivisions of the forms of corruption which immediately involve government may be marked out tentatively for subsequent illustration and discussion. To gain means for its support the state is obliged to impose taxes and other burdens upon its citizens. The self-interest of the latter leads them into many evasive practices of a more or less corrupt character. The state is also a great buyer of materials and services of all sorts, and hence subject to fraud in innumerable forms. It is further a great seller and provider of various services, and is equally exposed to danger in this capacity. Efforts by the state to regulate or suppress vice and crime necessarily lead to attempts on the part of the vicious and criminal to protect themselves by corrupt means. Without outside collusion public officials may endeavour to exploit in their private interest the powers which were conferred upon them solely for the public benefit, and the result is auto-corruption, as defined in an earlier study.[55] Preyed upon by corruption the state also at times instigates corruption in the pursuit of its own ends, particularly where international rivalries are concerned.[56] Finally the control of government by political parties may lead to the purchase or stealing of elections and the perversion of the functions of all the organs of government in the interests of the machine. The fundamental importance of the practices which fall under the last head is apparent. Upon them ultimately depends the ability to maintain and profit by all the other forms of political corruption. * * * * *