_2._ There are certain standards by which the reference value of bibliographies is judged: What do these standards relate to? _3._ Define the following terms:--bibliographer; codex; colophon; edition de luxe; format; grangerizing; index expurgatorius; incunabula; recto; signatures; octavo; cliché; bowdlerize. _4._ Give an account of the value of bibliography to the library profession. _5._ Printed bibliographies fall naturally into recognised classes. Name four of these classes. _6._ Discuss the field of bibliographical work for local bibliographical societies. _Lesson 2._ IRREGULARITIES IN THE MAKE UP OF BOOKS. COLLATION. PARTS OF A MODERN BOOK. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. The student should note carefully the various meanings of the word “collation,” especially in relation to bibliography as distinct from cataloguing. Why early printed books often resembled manuscripts. Early books had no title pages. Irregularities to be found in the make up of early printed books. Bibliographical information usually found in the colophon. Title pages appeared about 1480. For printers’ marks or devices, the student is advised to consult McKerrow’s “Printers’ and publishers’ devices in England and Scotland, _1485-1640_”; Plomer’s “English printers’ ornaments,” or “Printers’ marks,” _1893_, by W. Roberts. Note the importance of the value of date and place of publication. Why early printed books were not paged. How they should be collated by the aid of watermarks, catchwords, signatures, etc. Numbered pages began about 1470. Parts of a modern book: half-title, title page, dedication, preface, table of contents, list of plates or illustrations, errata, text, notes, appendices, index, and printer’s colophon. Sometimes a frontispiece may be found between the half and full title page. Difficulties in ascertaining if a book is perfect. Note the difference between a new issue, a reprint, and a new edition. Why prefatory pages, or introductory matter are separately numbered in Roman numerals. Catchwords were introduced in 1469 as a guide to the binder. Signatures also used as a guide to the binder. How the sizes of books are determined by the number of folds into which certain sheets of paper are divided. It is very important for the student to understand the different forms of bibliographical description and to distinguish the early forms from that applied to present day work. For this reason the entries in the standard bibliographies should be noted and compared. READING LIST. Aldis--The printed book. _Cambridge Univ. Press, 1916, pp. 1-27._ Blades--On signatures in old books. _L. Vol. 1, 1889, pp. 121-131._ Brown--Manual of practical bibliography. _pp. 21-58; 87-97._ Clarke--The modern book. _L.A. Vol. 7, 1910, pp. 266-270._ Coupland--Irregularities in the make-up of early printed books. _L.W. Vol. 16, 1913-14, pp. 118-119._ Davenport--The book: its history and development. _pp. 30-33; 64-76._ Duff--Early printed books. _pp. 206-212._