CREATURES THAT ONCE WERE MEN By MAXIM GORKY Translated from the Russian by J. M. SHIRAZI and Others Introduction by G. K. CHESTERTON THE MODERN LIBRARY PUBLISHERSNEW YORK Copyright, 1918, by BONI & LIVERIGHT, INC. Manufactured in the United States of America for The Modern Library, Inc., by H. Wolff CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . V Creatures That Once were Men . . . . 13 Twenty-Six Men and a Girl . . . . .104 Chelkash . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125 My Fellow-Traveller . . . . . . . .178 On a Raft . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 INTRODUCTION By G. K. CHESTERTON It is certainly a curious fact that so many of the voices of what is called our modern religion have come from countries which are not only simple, but may even be called barbaric. A nation like Norway has a great realistic drama without having ever had either a great classical drama or a great romantic drama. A nation like Russia makes us feel its modern fiction when we have never felt its ancient fiction. It has produced its Gissing without producing its Scott. Everything that is most sad and scientific, everything that is most grim and analytical, everything that can truly be called most modern, everything that can without unreasonableness be called most morbid, comes from these fresh and untried and unexhausted nationalities. Out of these infant peoples come the oldest voices of the earth. This contradiction, like many other contradictions, is one which ought first of all to be registered as a mere fact; long before we attempt to explain why things contradict themselves, we ought, if we are honest men and good critics, to register the preliminary truth that things do contradict themselves. In this case, as I say, there are many possible and suggestive explanations. It may be, to take an example, that our modern Europe is so exhausted that even the vigorous expression of that exhaustion is difficult for every one except the most robust.