Produced by Afra Ullah and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. CRIME AND ITS CAUSES BY WILLIAM DOUGLAS MORRISON OF H.M. PRISON, WANDSWORTH LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO., LIM. NEW YORK : CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1902 OPINIONS OF THE PRESS. "The science of criminology is pursued vigorously among the Italians, but this is one of the first English books to make the phenomena of crime the subject of a strictly scientific investigation."--_Daily Chronicle_. "The book is an important addition to the Social Science Series. It throws light upon some of the most complex problems with which society has to deal, and incidentally affords much interesting reading."--_Manchester Examiner_. "This is a work which, considering its limits and modest pretensions, it is difficult to over praise. It is a calm and thoughtful study by a writer in whom the deliberate determination to look on things as they are has not extinguished a reasoned faith in the possibility of their amelioration. The work is conceived throughout in a genuinely philosophical spirit."--_International Journal of Ethics_. "A thoughtful and thought suggesting book--well worthy of consideration by penologists, whether specialists or amateurs."--_Annals of the American Academy_. "Mr. Morrison's book is especially valuable, because, without attempting to enforce this or that conclusion, it furnishes the authentic _data_ on which all sound conclusions must be based."--_Times_. "Cramful of suggestive facts and solid arguments on the great questions how criminals are made, and how crime is best to be dealt with. Many cherished superstitions and fallacies are exploded in Mr. Morrison's pages."--_Star_. First Edition, _February 1891_. Second Edition, _February 1902_. CONTENTS. CHAP. I. THE STATISTICS OF CRIME II. CLIMATE AND CRIME III. THE SEASONS AND CRIME IV. DESTITUTION AND CRIME V. POVERTY AND CRIME VI. SEX, AGE, AND CRIME VII. THE CRIMINAL IN BODY AND MIND VIII. THE PUNISHMENT OF CRIME APPENDICES PREFACE. This volume, as its title indicates, is occupied with an examination of some of the principal causes of crime, and is designed as an introduction to the study of criminal questions in general. In spite of all the attention these questions have hitherto received and are now receiving, crime still remains one of the most perplexing and obstinate of social problems. It is much more formidable than pauperism, and almost as costly. A social system which has to try hundreds of thousands of offenders annually before the criminal courts is in a very imperfect condition; the causes which lead to this state of things deserve careful consideration from all who take an interest in social welfare.