Of course the statistics of morality deal with quantities not qualities,
but in the course of statistical examination the latter are met with.
So, e.g., examinations into the relation of crime to school-attendance
and education, into the classes that show most suicides, etc., connect
human qualities with statistical data. The time is certainly not far off
when we shall seek for the proper view of the probability of a certain
assumption with regard to some rare crime, doubtful suicide,
extraordinary psychic phenomena, etc., with the help of a statistical
table. This possibility is made clearer when the inconceivable constancy
of some figures is considered. Suppose we study the number of suicides
since 1819 in Austria, in periods of eight years. We find the following
figures, 3000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 9000, 12000, 15000--i.e., a regular
increase which is comparable to law.[166] Or suppose we consider the
number of women, who, in the course of ten continuous years in France,
shot themselves; we find 6, 6, 7, 7, 6, 6, 7; there is merely an
alternation between 6 and 7. Should not we look up if in some one year
eight or nine appeared? Should not we give some consideration to the
possibility that the suicide is only a pretended one? Or suppose we
consider the number of men who have drowned themselves within the same
time: 280, 285, 292, 276, 257, 269, 258, 276, 278, 287,--Wagner says
rightly of such figures “that they contain the arithmetical relation of
the mechanism belonging to a moral order which ought to call out even
greater astonishment than the mechanism of stellar systems.”
Still more remarkable are the figures when they are so brought together
that they may be seen as a curve. It is in this way that Drobisch brings
together a table which distributes crime according to age. Out of a
thousand crimes committed by persons between the ages of:
+-------------------+----------+----------+
| | AGAINST | AGAINST |
| | PROPERTY | PERSONS |
+-------------------+----------+----------+
|Less than 16 years | 2 | 0.53 |
| 16-21 | 105 | 28 |
| 21-25 | 114 | 50 |
| 25-30 | 101 | 48 |
| 30-35 | 93 | 41 |
| 35-40 | 78 | 31 |
| 40-45 | 63 | 25 |
| 45-50 | 48 | 19 |
| 50-55 | 34 | 15 |
| 55-60 | 24 | 12 |
| 60-65 | 19 | 11 |
| 65-70 | 14 | 8 |
| 70-80 | 8 | 5 |
|More than 80 | 2 | 2 |
+-------------------+----------+----------+
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