with; and the numerous people who want to do something remarkable and commit arson; then again certain political criminals of all times who became “immortal” with one single stab, and hence devoted their otherwise worthless lives thereto; and finally, even all those who, when having suffered from some theft, arson, or bodily harm, defined their damage as considerably greater than it actually was, not for the purpose of recovering their losses, but for the purpose of being discussed and condoled with. As a rule it is not difficult to recognize this “heroification,” inasmuch as it betrays itself through the lack of other motives, and appears definitely when the intent is examined and exaggerations are discovered which otherwise would not appear. Topic 5. ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS. Section 50. The question of association is essentially significant for lawyers because, in many cases, it is only by use of it that we can discover the conditions of the existence of certain conceptions, by means of which witnesses may be brought to remember and tell the truth, etc., without hypnotizing them, or overtesting the correctness of their statements. We will cursorily make a few general observations only: Concerning the law of association, very little has been learned since the time of Aristotle. It is determined by: 1. Similarity (the common quality of the symbol). 2. Contrast (because every image involves opposition between its extremes). 3. Co-existence, simultaneity (the being together of outer or inner objects in space). 4. Succession (images call each other out in the same order in which they occur). Hume recognized only three grounds of association of objects--similarity, contact in time and space, and causality. Theo. Lipps recognizes as the really different grounds of association only similarity and simultaneity (the simultaneity of their presence in the mind, especially).