THE MODERN CRIMINAL SCIENCE SERIES Published under the Auspices of THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINALITY AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS BY WILLIAM ADRIAN BONGER of Amsterdam, Netherlands TRANSLATED BY HENRY P. HORTON of Ithaca, New York WITH AN EDITORIAL PREFACE BY EDWARD LINDSEY of the Warren, Pa., Bar AND WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY FRANK H. NORCROSS Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada Vice-President of The American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN CONTENTS PAGE General Introduction to the Modern Criminal Science Series xi Editorial Preface by Edward Lindsey xv Introduction by Frank H. Norcross xix Translator’s Note xxiii Preface to the American Edition xxvii Preface to the Original Edition xxix Introduction xxxi PART ONE CRITICAL EXPOSITION OF THE LITERATURE DEALING WITH THE RELATION BETWEEN CRIMINALITY AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS CHAPTER I THE PRECURSORS AUTHORS WHO TREATED THE SUBJECT BEFORE THE BIRTH OF MODERN CRIMINAL SCIENCE I. Thomas More 1 II. Jean Meslier 7 III. J. J. Rousseau 8 IV. Morelly 9 V. C. Beccaria 10 VI. S. N. H. Linguet 10 VII. P. H. D. d’Holbach 13 VIII. G. B. de Mably 14 IX. J. P. Brissot de Warville 15 X. W. Godwin 18 XI. R. Owen 21 XII. E. Cabet 25 XIII. F. Engels 27 CHAPTER II THE STATISTICIANS