===================================================================================================== | Number of Persons (to the 100,000 Inhabitants) convicted for: Days of Work Equivalent+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------- to a Year's Food. | Homicide. | Assault. | Sexual Offenses. | Theft. -----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------- 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 -----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------- England and Wales } |Scotland 0.51|England+Wales 2.67|Spain 1.03|Spain 59.63 Scotland } 127|England+Wales 0.56|Ireland 6.24|Ireland 0.85|Belgium 110.44 Ireland } |Ireland 1.06|Scotland 11.59|Scotland 1.41|France 110.95 Belgium 130|Germany 1.11|Spain 43.17|England+Wales 1.66|Italy 165.89 France 132|Belgium 1.44|France 63.40|Italy 4.01|Ireland 65.81 Germany 148|France 1.53|Germany 126.40|Austria 9.33|England+Wales 165.63 Austria 152|Austria 2.43|Italy 155.35|France 10.26|Scotland 208.39 Italy 153|Spain 8.25|Belgium 175.39|Belgium 13.83|Germany 226.02 Spain 154|Italy 9.53|Austria 230.45|Germany 14.87| =======================+==================+==================+==================+==================== Note.—Column 1 is taken from Mulhall’s Dictionary of Statistics (quoted by Coghlan, op. cit.); and columns 2–5 are figured from the data published by the Director of Italian Statistics (“Movimento della Delinquenza secondo le Statistiche degli Anni 1873–83”, Rome, 1886). In the table on the preceding page the figures for criminality of different countries are compared with the number of days’ wages equivalent to the annual cost of food for one individual. These figures give us a composite picture of the price of food and the wage-scale. This table shows; first, that excessive labor with a low wage, i.e. with a lack of proper nutrition, has a certain correspondence with homicide; second, there is also a certain correspondence with assaults (Spain and Belgium furnishing exceptions); third, sexual crimes are most common where we find the fewest days’ work and vice versa (Great Britain and some other countries being exceptions); fourth, that theft shows no correspondence. [95] In another way Lombroso attempts to compare the economic conditions of different countries and their criminality, namely, by means of the number of savings-bank books. For Europe the figures are as follows (taken from Coghlan):