============================================+==========+============== | Persons. | Percentage. --------------------------------------------+----------+-------------- I. Having an income of 1000 thalers | 139,556| 1.2 II. ,, ,, ,, ,, 400-1000 ,, | 643,628| 5.6 III. ,, ,, ,, ,, 140-400 ,, | 4,207,163| 36.4 Not liable to the income tax | | IV. (Average income, 120 Th.) | 6,582,066| 56.8 +----------+-------------- Total |11,572,413| 100 Total number of those having an income of 400 thalers or under, 93.2%. ====================================================================== Education (Men and Boys over 10). ==============================+===========+============ Classes. | Persons. | Percentage. ------------------------------+-----------+------------ I. Higher education | 93,000 | 1.023 II. Intermediate education | 193,000 | 2.122 III. Elementary education | 7,885,423 | 86.703 IV. Illiterate | 923,274 | 10.152 +-----------+---------- Total | 9,094,757 | 100.00 ==============================+===========+============ There were 96% of the population, then, with no education or only an elementary one. Little by little manufacturing so forged ahead of agriculture that the necessary food was no longer produced in the country. From this time dates the importation of large quantities of grain. The year 1873 saw the beginning of the terrible reaction that made itself felt in all strata of the population. The number of marriages diminished as well as the number of births, and criminality increased. (See Plate I.) At first the curves for theft and criminality in general run parallel in their rising and falling. But with 1854 they begin to diverge, and this divergence is especially plain from 1871 on. Consequently something else must have had an influence upon criminality. And this other thing, according to Starke, is the modification of the political position of the people. According to him the participation of the mass of the people in politics, made possible by the right of suffrage, has been one of the causes of the increase of the number of crimes against the authority of the state, as the socialistic movement has been a second cause. [63] [PLATE III. (STARKE)]