[Footnote 4: English trans., 1911, etc.] [Footnote 5: _Geschichte der römischen Kirche_, 1881, etc.] [Footnote 6: _History of Latin Christianity._] [Footnote 7: _The City of Rome in the Middle Ages_, English trans., 1900, etc.] CONTENTS PAGE Preface iii CHAPTER I.--St. Callistus and the Early Struggle 1 II.--St. Damasus and the Triumph 19 III.--Leo the Great, the Last Pope of Imperial Rome 38 IV.--Gregory the Great, the First Mediæval Pope 55 V.--Hadrian I. and the Temporal Power 78 VI.--Nicholas I. and the False Decretals 101 VII.--John X. and the Iron Century 124 VIII.--Hildebrand 141 IX.--Innocent III.: The Papal Zenith 171 X.--John XXII.: The Court at Avignon 202 XI.--John XXIII. and the Great Schism 221 XII.--Alexander VI.: The Borgia-Pope 240 XIII.--Julius II.: The Fighting Pope 267 XIV.--Leo X. and the Dance of Death 285 XV.--Paul III. and the Counter-Reformation 310 XVI.--Sixtus V. and the New Church 330 XVII.--Benedict XIV.: The Scholar-Pope 351 XVIII.--Pius VII. and the Revolution 368 XIX.--Pius IX. 391 XX.--Leo XIII. 414 List of the Popes 443 Index 451 Crises in the History of the Papacy Crises in the History of The Papacy CHAPTER I ST. CALLISTUS AND THE EARLY STRUGGLE