A crystal possesses two further fundamental properties besides its style
of architecture. The first is that it is bounded externally by plane
faces, arranged on the definite geometrical plan just alluded to and
mutually inclined at angles which are peculiar to the substance, and
which are, therefore, absolutely constant for the same temperature and
pressure. The second is that a crystal is essentially a homogeneous
solid, its internal structure being similar throughout, in such wise
that the arrangement about any one molecule is the same as about every
other. This structure is, in fact, that of one of the 230 homogeneous
structures ascertained by geometricians to be possible to crystals with
plane faces. The first property, that of the planeness of the crystal
faces, and their arrangement with geometrical symmetry, is actually
determined by the second, that of specific homogeneity. For, as with
human nature developed to its highest type, the external appearance is
but the expression of the internal character.
When nature has been permitted to have fair play, and the crystal has
been deposited under ideal conditions, the planeness of its faces is
astonishingly absolute. It is fully equal to that attained by the most
skilled opticians after weeks of patient labour, in the production of
surfaces on glass or other materials suitable for such delicate optical
experiments as interference-band production, in which a distortion equal
to one wave-length of light would be fatal. In all such cases of ideal
deposition, those interfacial angles on the crystal which the particular
symmetry developed requires to be equal actually are so, to this same
high degree of refinement. This fact renders possible exceedingly
accurate crystal measurement, that is, the determination of the angles
of inclination of the faces to each other, provided refined measuring
instruments (goniometers), pure chemical substances, and the means of
avoiding disturbance, either material or thermal, during the deposition
of the crystal, are available.
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