This, however, is not the whole story, for the sixty-five Sohnckian
regular point-systems only account for twenty-one of the thirty-two
crystal classes, the remaining eleven being those of lower than full
holohedral systematic symmetry, and which are characterised by showing
complementary right and left-handed forms. In other words, they exhibit
two varieties, on one of which faces of low symmetry are developed on
the right, while on the other symmetrically complementary faces are
developed on the left; that is, these little faces modify on the right
and left respectively the solid angles formed by those faces of the
crystal which are common to both the holohedral class of the system and
to the lower symmetry class in question. In some cases, moreover, these
two complementary forms are known to exist alone, without the presence
of faces common to both the holohedral class and the class of lower
symmetry. The two varieties of the crystals are the mirror images of
each other, being related as a right-hand glove is to a left-hand one.
Further, the crystals of these eleven classes very frequently exhibit
the power of rotating the plane of polarised light to the right or to
the left, and complementarily in the cases of the two varieties of any
one substance, corresponding to the complementariness of the two crystal
forms. The converse is even more absolute, for no optically active
crystal has yet been discovered which does not belong to one or other of
these eleven classes of lower than holohedral symmetry.
The final step of accounting for the structure of these highly
interesting eleven classes of crystals was taken simultaneously by a
German, Schönflies, a Russian, von Fedorow, and an Englishman, Barlow,
who quite independently and by totally different lines of reasoning and
of geometrical illustration showed that they were entirely accounted for
by the introduction of a new element of symmetry, that of mirror-image
repetition, or “enantiomorphous similarity” as distinguished from
“identical similarity.” These three investigators all united in finally
concluding that when the definition of symmetrical repetition is thus
broadened to include enantiomorphous similarity, 165 further
point-systems are admitted, and the whole 230 point-systems then account
for the whole of the thirty-two classes of crystals.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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