We refer, for convenience, to the business engineer or systematizer; the principle is the same whether the one doing the work is acting in a professional capacity, perfecting the organization of his employer's business, or even solving the problems of his own establishment. OBJECTS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZATION =5.= To reduce the subject to concrete form, the objects of business organization may be defined as follows: (A) To unite the individuals who are to conduct an enterprise into a body which will work systematically to a common end. (B) To bring together or group the component parts of the body with respect to their specific relations and duties. (C) To elect officers and appoint committees and authorities with clearly defined duties and responsibilities. These definitions all lead to a common center, that is, coöperation. Without co-operation the success of any organization is very questionable, if not impossible. With it--a body of men all working together for a common end--almost any apparent obstacle will be surmounted. No matter how large an organization may be, how many or wide its ramifications, if the spirit of co-operation prevails, it will move as one irresistible body. And, regardless of the size or nature of a business enterprise, the organization, as here used, resolves itself into certain easily distinguished components, as follows: First: The owners, represented in a corporation by the stockholders or investing public; in a partnership, by the partners; in an individual business, by the proprietor. Second: The executive or managerial division. Third: The commercial or active business division. Fourth: The manufacturing or productive division. These components lend themselves naturally to certain specific subdivisions; natural groups are formed to insure efficient management; certain authorities are delegated to effect economical operation. The stockholders (owners) first elect from among their number, a _board of directors_. This is the initial step toward perfecting a business organization. The directors represent the stockholders, and the interest of the stockholder, as such, becomes that of an investor only. His interest in the operation of the business is to be looked after by the directors, whom he, or a majority, has elected. From this board of directors is built the framework of the executive or managerial division. The first act of the directors is to meet and elect the usual executive officers: _President_, _Vice-President_, _Secretary_, and _Treasurer_. In modern organizations, it is customary to also elect or appoint an _executive committee_ or _board of managers_. This committee consists of three or more members, usually selected from the officers, to which may be added one or more directors who are not officers.