These are under the supervision of the General Superintendent, who has charge of all mechanical matters except those strictly pertaining to production or to the actual manufacturing of the product. [Illustration: Fig. 3. Chart Showing Official Channels of Communication and Authority from Superintendent to Workmen in a Typical Manufacturing Establishment.] The second general class is that of Production, and will ordinarily consist of the following departments: The Planing Department, including shapers and slotters. The Drilling and Boring Department, including vertical, horizontal, and radial drills and boring machines. The Heavy Turning Department, including lathes of less than 24─inch swing. The Milling Machine Department, including horizontal, vertical, and special milling machines, profile machines, etc. The Gear─Cutting Department, for the making of all classes of gears. The Grinding Department, including cylindrical, disc, and surface grinding. The Polishing Department, which includes polishing, buffing, etc. The Assembling Department, in which parts (usually comparatively small) are assembled in groups of related parts and stored, pending the final erection of the machines. The Erecting Department, in which the entire machine is erected and usually tested, and inspected, receiving the final painting and other finishing work ready for shipping. Should the character of the product be such as to require it, there will be also a Plating Department, usually located adjoining the Polishing Department. This class of departments will be under the direct supervision of the _Production Superintendent_. Each department is in charge of a _Foreman_, who is responsible for the discipline, the work, and the efficiency of the force under him. Frequently the department is large enough to require one or more assistant foremen. Under these may also be _Gang Bosses_, each of whom will have a small force of employees, called _gangs_, for whose work and efficiency he is responsible. =Shop Management.= Referring to the Chart, Fig. 2, it will be noticed that the rectangular figures representing different offices, departments, or officials are connected by lines. These are commonly called _lines of authority_, and a careful study of them will show in what manner and through what channels the orders of an official pass to the employees for whose work he is responsible. Tracing these lines from the head of the establishment through the various offices and officials to the different departments, we get a fundamental idea of _Shop Management_. This system will be rendered somewhat simpler by reference to the Chart, Fig. 3, which shows the path or official channel of communication and authority from the Superintendent down to the workmen. It also emphasizes the fundamental idea of all official business passing through the officials in charge of intermediate departments.