the co-operation of survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest would have continued to increase the divergence of character in as many ramifying lines as there were thus given to its action separate cases of isolation by other means. In short, as divergence of character must in all cases be due to a prevention of intercrossing, and as in the process of natural selection there is, _ex hypothesi_, nothing to prevent the intercrossing until the divergence has already arisen, to suppose that natural selection alone can have caused the divergence, is to suppose that natural selection can have caused the conditions of its own activity, which is absurd. Seeing, then, that even in cases where any "benefit" arises from divergence of character, such benefit can arise only after the divergence has already commenced, and seeing that on this as on other accounts previously mentioned it is plainly impossible to attribute the origin of such divergence to natural selection, we find that natural selection must be in all cases assisted by some other form of isolation, if it is to be concerned in polytypic as distinguished from monotypic evolution. But this does not hinder that, when it is so assisted, natural selection may become--and, I believe, does become--the most efficient of all the forms of isolation in promoting divergence of character. For, in the first place, of all the forms of isolation natural selection is probably the most energetic in promoting monotypic evolution; so that under the influence of such isolation monotypic evolution probably advances more rapidly than it does under any other form of isolation. In the second place, when polytypic evolution has been begun by any of these other forms of isolation, and natural selection then sets to work on each of the resulting branches, although natural selection is thus engaged in as many different acts of monotypic evolution as there are thus separate cases supplied to it by these other forms of isolation, the joint result of all these different acts is to hurry on the polytypic evolution which was originally started by the other forms of isolation. So to speak, natural selection is the forcing heat, acting simultaneously on each of the separate branches which has been induced to sprout by other means; and in thus rapidly advancing the growth of all the branches, it is still entitled to be regarded as the most important _single_ cause of diversification in organic nature, although we must henceforth cease to regard it as in any instance the _originating_ cause--or even so much as the _sustaining_ cause. So much by way of summary and recapitulation. I will now briefly consider the only objections which, so far as I can see, admit of being brought against the foregoing doctrine of Isolation as held by Mr. Gulick and myself. These possible objections are but two in number--although but one of them has been hitherto adduced. This, therefore, I will take first.