Darwin, and After Darwin, Volumes 1 and 3: An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian QuestionsRomanes, George John
Science
Darwin, and After Darwin, Volumes 1 and 3: An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions
Romanes, George John
Evolution (Biology); Heredity
Lastly, my third consideration is, that the supposed policy in question
does not extend to affinities which are wider than those between species
and genera--more rarely to families, scarcely ever to orders, and never
to classes. In other words, nature shows a double correlation in her
geographical distribution of organic types:--first, that which we have
already considered between geographical restriction and natural
affinity among inhabitants of the same areas; second, another of a more
detailed character between _degrees_ of geographical restriction and
_degrees_ of natural affinity. The more distant the affinity, the more
general is the extension. This, of course, is what we should expect on
the theory of descent with modification, because the more distant the
affinity, and therefore, _ex hypothesi_, the larger and the older the
original group of organisms, the greater must be the chance of
dispersal. The 400 species of humming-birds may well be unable to
migrate from their native continent; but it would indeed have been an
unaccountable fact if no other species of all the class of birds had
ever been able to have crossed the Atlantic Ocean. Thus, on the theory
of evolution, we can well understand the second correlation now before
us--namely, between remoteness of affinity and generality of
dispersal,--so that there is no considerable portion of the habitable
globe without representatives of all the classes of animals, few
portions without representatives of all the orders, but many portions
without many of the families, innumerable portions without innumerable
genera, and, of course, all portions without the great majority of
species. Now, while this general correlation thus obviously supports the
theory of natural descent with progressive modification, it makes
directly against the opposite theory of special creation. For we have
recently seen that when we restrict our view to the case of species and
genera, the theory of special creation is obliged to suppose that for
some inscrutable reason the Deity had regard to systematic affinity
while determining on what large areas to create his species[20]. But
now we see that he must be held to have neglected this inscrutable
reason (whatever it was) when he passed beyond the range of genera--and
this always in proportion to the remoteness of systematic affinity on
the part of the species concerned.
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