DARWINIANA ESSAYS AND REVIEWS PERTAINING TO DARWINISM BY ASA GRAY FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY NEW YORK: 1876. CONTENTS DARWINIANA PREFACE ARTICLE I THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION Views and Definitions of Species--How Darwin's differs from that of Agassiz, and from the Common View--Variation, its Causes unknown.--Darwin's Genealogical Tree--Darwin and Agassiz agree in the Capital Facts--Embryology--Physical Connection of Species compatible with Intellectual Connection--How to prove Transmutation.--Known Extent of Variation--Cause of Likeness unknown--Artificial Selection.--Reversion--Interbreeding--Natural Selection.--Classification tentative.--What Darwin assumes.--Argument stated.--How Natural Selection works.--Where the Argument is weakest.--Objections--Morphology and Teleology harmonized.--Theory not atheistical.--Conceivable Modes of Relation of God to Nature ARTICLE II DESIGN VERSUS NECESSITY-- A DISCUSSION How Design in Nature can be shown--Design not inconsistent with Indirect Attainment ARTICLE III NATURAL SELECTION NOT INCONSISTENT WITH NATURAL THEOLOGY PART I.--Premonitions of Darwinism.--A Proper Subject for Speculation.--Summary of Facts and Ideas suggestive of Hypotheses of Derivation Part II--Limitations of Theory conceded by Darwin.--What Darwinism explains.--Geological Argument strong in the Tertiary Period.-- Correspondence between Rank and Geological Succession--Difficulties in Classification.--Nature of Affinity.--No Absolute Distinction between Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms.--Individuality.--Gradation PART III.--Theories contrasted.--Early Arguments against Darwinism.--Philosophical and Theological Objections--Theory may be theistic.--Final Cause not excluded.--Cause of Variation unknown.--Three Views of Efficient Cause compatible with Theism.--Agassiz's Objections of a Philosophical Nature.--Minor Objections.--Conclusion ARTICLE IV SPECIES AS TO VARIATION, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, AND SUCCESSION Alphonse De Candolle's Study of the Oak Genus.--Variability of the Species.--Antiquity.--A Common Origin probable.--Dr. Falconer on the Common Origin of Elephants--Variation and Natural Selection distinguished.--Saporta on the Gradation between the Vegetable Forms of the Cretaceous and the Tertiary.--Hypothesis of Derivation more likely to be favored by Botanists than by Zoologists.--Views of Agassiz respecting the Origin, Dispersion, Variation, Characteristics, and Successive Creation of Species contrasted with those of De Candolle and others--Definition of Species--Whether its Essence is in the Likeness or in the Genealogical Connection of the Individuals composing a Species ARTICLE V SEQUOIA AND ITS HISTORY: THE RELATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN TO NORTHEAST ASIAN AND TO TERTIARY VEGETATION