Leaves, when they go to sleep, move either upward or downward, or, in the case of the leaflets of compound leaves, forward, that is, toward the apex of the leaf, or backward, that is, toward its base; or, again, they may rotate on their own axis without moving either upward or downward. But in almost every case the plane of the blade is so placed as to stand nearly or quite vertically at night. Therefore the apex, or the base, or either lateral edge, may be directed toward the zenith. Moreover, the upper surface of each leaf, and more especially of each leaflet, is often brought into close contact with that of the opposite one; and this is sometimes effected by singularly complicated movements. This fact suggests that the upper surface requires more protection than the lower one. For instance, the terminal leaflet in trifolium, after turning up at night so as to stand vertically, often continues to bend over until the upper surface is directed downward, while the lower surface is fully exposed to the sky; and an arched roof is thus formed over the two lateral leaflets, which have their upper surfaces pressed closely together. Here we have the unusual case of one of the leaflets not standing vertically, or almost vertically, at night. Considering that leaves in assuming their nyctitropic positions often move through an angle of 90°; that the movement is rapid in the evening; that in some cases it is extraordinarily complicated; that with certain seedlings, old enough to bear true leaves, the cotyledons move vertically upward at night, while at the same time the leaflets move vertically downward; and that in the same genus the leaves or cotyledons of some species move upward, while those of other species move downward--from these and other such facts, it is hardly possible to doubt that plants must derive some great advantage from such remarkable powers of movement. SELF-PROTECTION DURING SLEEP. [Page 284.]