Day Symbols of the Maya Year: Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894-1895, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 199-266.Thomas, Cyrus
Religion
Day Symbols of the Maya Year: Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894-1895, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 199-266.
Thomas, Cyrus
Maya calendar
The Tzental and Quiche-Cakchiquel, _tziquin_, signifies "bird" in
general, and the Nahuatl, _quauhtli_, "eagle." The Maya and Zapotec
names are more difficult to bring into harmony with the others. Dr
Brinton thinks that the Zapotec name is derived from _na_, "to know, to
understand, to be able through knowledge." This, he says, "exactly
corresponds to the Maya _men_, which means to understand, to be able to
do ...; hence in this latter tongue, _ah-men_ means the man of
knowledge, the wise one, the master of wisdom." "The bird," he adds,
"was the symbol of wisdom and knowledge."
Dr Seler says it is difficult to determine the Yucatan name. However,
from the form of the symbol he concludes it is intended to represent an
aged face, by which he connects it with an aged goddess, Ixchel, the
companion of Itzamna, and with certain Mexican deities. In his
subsequent paper he says the Zapotec name furnishes linguistic proof of
the above conclusion. "I had concluded," he says, "that the Maya
hieroglyph represented the image of the old earth mother, the
universally worshipped goddess called Tonantzin, 'our mother,' who is
connected in the Codex Vienensis with the eagle symbol." He then adds
that the Zapotec term _naa_ or _ñaa_ signifies "mother," and thus finds
the connection between the calendar names.
It is probable we will not be far wrong if we assume that reference to
the bird as used in this connection is not so much to it as an animal as
an augury, sign, or portent. The birds introduced in the Dresden and
Troano codices, especially those on pages 16, 17, and 18 of the former
and 18* and 19* of the latter, are supposed to have reference to
auguries. In the "Vocabulario Castellano Zapoteco," under "Ave," we find
_mani-biici_, "ave agorera." In the Dresden Codex (17b) one of the birds
introduced as playing this rôle is an eagle, or some rapacious species
resembling an eagle or vulture. Although Seler believes the symbol to
have been derived from the aged wrinkled female face, yet he closes his
observations on this day in his first article as follows:
I think the reference to the eagle is very distinctly indicated
[referring to a number of glyphs accompanying or indicating an
eagle-like bird]. We can understand that these hieroglyphs were
annexed as attributes of the deities. But how is it that figures
687-689 [same as our plate LXVIII, 42] serve as a seat for the
Chac? Now Chac [he refers to the long-nose god] is not really a god
of water, but of rain; the rain-producing storm cloud is his
vehicle; the storm bird is his beast of burden on which he rides.
It follows from this, notwithstanding his supposition in regard to the
origin of the symbol, that he looks upon it as signifying the eagle, or
bird. However, the explanations given by Drs Brinton and Seler of the
Maya name fail to make a satisfactory connection between the names in
the different calendars.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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