CHAPTER PAGE I. THE COUNTRY 13 II. ITS RESOURCES 21 III. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 29 IV. THE SULTAN, THE HEART OF TURKEY 39 V. RACE QUESTIONS AND SOME OF THE RACES 49 VI. THE ARMENIANS 63 VII. MOSLEM PEOPLES 71 VIII. TURKEY AND THE WEST 83 IX. A STRATEGIC MISSIONARY CENTER 91 X. SOCIAL, MORAL AND RELIGIOUS CONDITIONS 99 XI. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM 111 XII. EARLY PIONEERING AND EXPLORATIONS 117 XIII. ESTABLISHED CENTERS 135 XIV. BEGINNINGS IN REFORM 147 XV. LEADERS, METHODS, AND ANATHEMAS 155 XVI. RESULTS 169 XVII. INTELLECTUAL RENAISSANCE 179 XVIII. THE PRINTING-PRESS 195 XIX. MODERN MEDICINE 205 XX. STANDING OF MISSIONARIES 211 XXI. COMPLETED WORK 221 XXII. INDUSTRIAL AND RELIGIOUS CHANGES 231 XXIII. AMERICAN RIGHTS 239 XXIV. RELIGIOUS TOLERATION 247 XXV. THE MACEDONIAN QUESTION 259 XXVI. GENERAL POLITICAL SITUATION 265 XXVII. CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT 273 INDEX 289 ILLUSTRATIONS Galata and Pera and the bridge of boats connecting with Stamboul, Constantinople _Frontispiece_ A group of official Turks in prayer for the Sultan upon his birthday 42 An Armenian Ecclesiastic 68 A Koordish chief of Southern Koordistan 68 A mountain village in Eastern Turkey 94 The Bosporus, Constantinople 94 Robert College, Constantinople 184 Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria 184 A class of native students, graduates from the American College for Girls, Constantinople 224 The illustration on the front cover shows the ruins of the Arch of Constantine, Salonica, Macedonia. INTRODUCTION