CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, C. F. CLAY, MANAGER. London: FETTER LANE, E.C. Glasgow: 50, WELLINGTON STREET. [Illustration] Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS. New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS. Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. [_All Rights reserved_] DECADENCE _HENRY SIDGWICK MEMORIAL LECTURE_ by THE RIGHT HON. ARTHUR JAMES BALFOUR, M.P. [DELIVERED AT NEWNHAM COLLEGE, JANUARY 25, 1908] CAMBRIDGE at the University Press 1908 Cambridge: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. DECADENCE. I must begin what I have to say with a warning and an apology. I must warn you that the present essay makes no pretence to be an adequate treatment of some compact and limited theme; but rather resembles those wandering trains of thought, where we allow ourselves the luxury of putting wide-ranging questions, to which our ignorance forbids any confident reply. I apologise for adopting a course which thus departs in some measure from familiar precedent. I admit its perils. But it is just possible that when a subject, or group of subjects, is of great inherent interest, even a tentative, and interrogative, treatment of it may be worth attempting. My subject, or at least my point of departure, is Decadence. I do not mean the sort of decadence often attributed to certain phases of artistic or literary development, in which an overwrought technique, straining to express sentiments too subtle or too morbid, is deemed to have supplanted the direct inspiration of an earlier and a simpler age. Whether these autumnal glories, these splendours touched with death, are recurring phenomena in the literary cycle: whether, if they be, they are connected with other forms of decadence, may be questions well worth asking and answering. But they are not the questions with which I am at present concerned. The decadence respecting which I wish to put questions is not literary or artistic, it is political and national. It is the decadence which attacks, or is alleged to attack, great communities and historic civilisations: which is to societies of men what senility is to man, and is often, like senility, the precursor and the cause of final dissolution.