1873. Surrender of the Modocs. Capture of the American steamer _Virginius_ by a Spanish gunboat. Surrender of the _Virginius_. Financial Panic. 1874. President Grant vetoes Inflation Bill. Race riots in the Southern States. 1875. Supplementary Civil Rights Bill passed. 1876. The Custer Massacre by the Sioux Indians. Admission of Colorado into the Union. Disputed Presidential Election (Hayes, Republican, and Tilden, Democrat). The Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. Invention of the Telephone. 1877. The Electoral Commission awards the Presidency to Rutherford B. Hayes. Great Labor Strike throughout the United States. Campaign against the Nez Percé Indians. 1878. End of the Ten Years’ War in Cuba. China sends a minister to Washington for the first time. 1879. Resumption of Specie Payment in the United States. 1880. James A. Garfield elected President. Treaty with China relative to the restriction of Chinese Immigration. 1881. Assassination of James A. Garfield. Chester A. Arthur succeeds to the Presidency. Construction of the Panama Canal begun by the French. 1882. Verdict in the Star Route case. 1883. Passage of the Civil Service Bill. Northern Pacific Railroad opened. 1884. Grover Cleveland elected President. 1885. United States government guarantees transit across Isthmus of Panama threatened by insurgents, and enforces this with troops. 1886. Extensive Labor Strikes in the United States. The “Haymarket” Anarchists’ riot at Chicago. Earthquake at Charleston. Anti-Chinese riots in Seattle. Railroad riots in the West. United States troops ordered to St. Louis. Act passed to increase navy. 1887. Interstate Commerce Bill passed. Centennial Celebration of the Constitution. Execution of the Chicago “Haymarket” Anarchists. Blizzard throughout the northwestern section of the United States. 1888. Blizzard in the East. Benjamin Harrison elected President. Dakota divided into North and South Dakota. 1889. Wreck of the U. S. steamers _Trenton_, _Vandalia_, and _Nipsic_ at the Samoan Islands. The territory of Oklahoma opened for settlement. Flood at Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Centennial celebration of Washington’s inauguration. Admission of North and South Dakota into the Union; also of Montana and Washington. Department of Agriculture created. 1890. The McKinley Tariff Bill passed. Admission of Wyoming into the Union. The Mormon Church formally abandons Polygamy. 1891. The Pine Ridge Indian outbreak. Seizure of the Chilian insurgent steamer _Itata_. Assault upon sailors of the U. S. Cruiser _Baltimore_ at Valparaiso. 1892. An Ultimatum submitted to Chili; the latter country makes an apology and pays an indemnity. The Homestead Labor Riots in Pennsylvania. Railroad riots at Buffalo. National Guard ordered out. Grover Cleveland elected President. 1893. Opening of the World’s Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Admission of Utah and Arizona into the Union.