This frontal wearing down of forces in entrenched warfare has none the less taken place on most sections of the fronts; but we have reaped positive results only from the war of movement. The present-day world has, contrary to expectation, proved itself capable of enduring a long war, though at the cost of such destruction as humanity has never before experienced. The expenditure of milliards would to be sure have been avoided, if we had succeeded, as Count Schlieffen in the same argument goes on to suggest, in conducting the attack on a large scale against the front and both flanks of the enemy, and in developing it to a sweeping victory. We did, in fact, achieve several local victories of this nature, but we did not achieve such a victory at the Marne with our whole western army at the beginning of the War. It is fruitless to picture to oneself how, if the case had been otherwise, events might have developed in detail, but we may confidently assert that a complete German victory at the Marne in September, 1914, would have given quite another character to the whole War, and would certainly have shortened it very considerably. From this may be seen the full significance of a decisive military success, even in a war so influenced by world-economics as the present. [1] _Deutsche Revue_, January, 1909. [2] Alexander v. Peetz. Introduction to _Weltpolitische Neubildungen_, by Paul Dehn. [3] _Ursprung des Siebenjährigen Krieges_. [4] _Der Kampf um die Vorherrschaft in Deutschland_, Introduction to Vol. II. [5] Dr. Georg Solmssen. _England und Wir!_ Lecture delivered at Cologne, November 13, 1916. II THE PSYCHOLOGY OF NATIONAL AND MASSED WARFARE In the course of the present World War the soul of a war waged by means of great national armies has revealed itself as something special, something hitherto inexperienced. Its origin may be traced back to the time of the French Revolution. The _levée en masse_ of the French Republic is, to be sure, to a great extent legendary. It furnished hardly a quarter of the anticipated man-power. Clausewitz[1] remarks justly: