1. Point out any ambiguities which underlie the following propositions-- (1) Every one who has read the book in French will recommend those who have not to read it in English. (2) I will not do this because he did it. (3) These are all my books. (4) By an old statute of the date of Edward III it was accorded 'that Parliament should be holden every year once or more often if need be.' (5) They found Mary and Joseph and the babe lying in a manger. (6) The king and his minister are feeble and unscrupulous. (7) Heres meus uxori meae triginta pondo vasorum argenteorum dato, quae volet. 2. Examine the following arguments, formulating them when sound, and referring them, when unsound, to the proper head of fallacy-- (1) We know that thou art a teacher come from God; for no man can do these signs that thou doest, except God be with him. S. John iii. 2. (2) 'Sir Walter Scott's novels have ceased to be popular.' 'Well, that's only because nobody reads them.' (3) What we produce is property. The sheriff produces a prisoner. .'. A prisoner is property. (4) As all metals are not necessarily solid, we may expect some metals to be liquid. (5) Moses was the son of Pharaoh's daughter. .'. Moses was the daughter of Pharaoh's son. (6) If Aeschines took part in the public rejoicings over the success of my policy, he is inconsistent in condemning it now; if he did not, he was a traitor then. (7) It is wrong to stick knives into people. .'. Surgeons ought to be punished. (8) If a thing admits of being taught, there must be both teachers and learners of it. .'. If there are neither teachers nor learners of a thing, that thing does not admit of being taught. (9) It is unnecessary to lend books, if they are common, and wrong to lend them, if they are rare. Therefore books should not be lent from public libraries. (10) Seeing is believing. .'. What is not seen cannot be believed. (11) St. Paul was not of Jewish blood, for he was a Roman citizen. (12) To call you an animal is to speak the truth. To call you an ass is to call you an animal. .'. To call you an ass is to speak the truth. (13) Pain chastens folly. A life of ease must therefore be one of folly incurable. (14) We cannot be happy in this world; for we must either indulge our passions or combat them. (15) It must be clear to the most unlettered mind that, as all things were originally created by the Deity, including the hair on our heads and the beards on our faces, there can be no such thing as property. (16) The crime was committed by the criminal. The criminal was committed by the magistrate. .'. The crime was committed by the magistrate. (17) General councils are as likely to err as the fallible men of whom they consist. (18) Dead dogs are heavier than living ones, because vitality is buoyant.