Inference ________________________|__________ | | Inductive Deductive _________________|_______________ | | Immediate Mediate ___________|__________ ______|______ | | | | Simple Compound Simple Complex ______|________________ | ______|_____________|_ | | | | | | | Opposition Conversion Permutation | Conjunctive Disjunctive Dilemma | _________|________ | | Conversion Conversion by by Negation position CHAPTER II. _Of Deductive Inferences._ $ 442. Deductive inferences are of two kinds--Immediate and Mediate. § 443. An immediate inference is so called because it is effected without the intervention of a middle term, which is required in mediate inference. § 444. But the distinction between the two might be conveyed with at least equal aptness in this way-- An immediate inference is the comparison of two propositions directly. A mediate inference is the comparison of two propositions by means of a third. § 445. In that sense of the term inference in which it is confined to the consequent, it may be said that-- An immediate inference is one derived from a single proposition. A mediate inference is one derived from two propositions conjointly. § 446. There are never more than two propositions in the antecedent of a deductive inference. Wherever we have a conclusion following from more than two propositions, there will be found to be more than one inference. § 447. There are three simple forms of immediate inference, namely Opposition, Conversion and Permutation. § 448. Besides these there are certain compound forms, in which permutation is combined with conversion. CHAPTER III. _Of Opposition._ § 449. Opposition is an immediate inference grounded on the relation between propositions which have the same terms, but differ in quantity or in quality or in both. § 450. In order that there should be any formal opposition between two propositions, it is necessary that their terms should be the same. There can be no opposition between two such propositions as these-- (1) All angels have wings. (2) No cows are carnivorous. § 451. If we are given a pair of terms, say A for subject and B for predicate, and allowed to affix such quantity and quality as we please, we can of course make up the four kinds of proposition recognised by logic, namely, A. All A is B. E. No A is B.