Deficiency and Delinquency: An Interpretation of Mental TestingMiner, James Burt
Science
Deficiency and Delinquency: An Interpretation of Mental Testing
Miner, James Burt
Children with mental disabilities; Juvenile delinquents; Mentally ill offenders; Psychological tests
1. With the percentages fixed at the lowest 0.5% as presumably deficient
and the next 1.0% doubtful, these borderlines for tested deficiency have
the advantage of being more conservative than those at present
advocated. On the basis of our empirical knowledge this is an important
reason for urging borderlines on the scales at least as low as those
suggested herein. Disregarding the extremely high borderlines which have
fallen into disuse, we still find that social deficiency is often
presumed for those testing above the lowest 1%. With the new Stanford
scale, Terman presumes “definite feeble-mindedness” below an
Intelligence Quotient of .70, below which he finds that 1% of 1000
unselected children fell. I Q's from .70 to .80 would include his
uncertain group, which he describes as “border-line deficiency,
sometimes classified as dullness, often as feeble-mindedness” (_57_, p.
79). His tables show 5% below an I Q of .78. We have no results with a
_random_ group of adults by which to judge how many would be below these
borders. When the I Q has been applied to scores with other scales a
larger percentage has often been found to be excluded. Fernald has shown
that Haines' suggestion of a coefficient of .75 with the Point scale
would exclude 16% of 100 Cincinnati girls selected at random from among
those who left school at 14 years to go to work (_16_).
Unless the examiner wishes to assume that social inefficiency is more
frequent than it has been demonstrated by the practical tests of life,
the success of those who have low quotients should make him exceedingly
cautious about accepting the various borderlines which have been
suggested by those who have not tested their criteria by the percentage
method. It is not merely that the borderlines should be lowered, but
that they should be lowered under some consistent plan so that we should
know as much as is possible about their significance in the prediction
of ultimate social inefficiency, and that we should be able to readjust
them on the basis of new data or to new scales.
With the Point scale Yerkes and Wood say regarding “the coefficient of
intelligence .70, which we accept as the upper limit of intellectual
inadequacy or inferiority”: “Our data indicate that grades of
intellectual ability measured by the coefficient .70 or less are
socially burdensome, ineffective, and usually a menace to racial
welfare” (_226_). With the most reliable part of their data, that for
children from 8-13, this coefficient excludes the lowest 8.39%.
Moreover, the lowest group for which they suggest a borderline, the
dependents, falls at .50 or below and includes 1.05%.
2. A second practical advantage of the percentage borderlines on the
scale is that they make no assumption as to the uniformity of the norms
for the different ages. Except for the Stanford and the Jaederholm
scales, there is little evidence that the age norms exclude equivalent
portions of the children at the different life ages.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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