Deficiency and Delinquency: An Interpretation of Mental TestingMiner, James Burt
Science
Deficiency and Delinquency: An Interpretation of Mental Testing
Miner, James Burt
Children with mental disabilities; Juvenile delinquents; Mentally ill offenders; Psychological tests
Goddard's Table I gives the data from which the following percentages of
those who pass the norm are calculated, not counting those above 11
years, since the older groups are clearly affected by selection:—5 yrs.,
88%; 6 yrs., 79%; 7 yrs., 81%; 8 yrs., 51%; 9 yrs., 60%; 10 yrs., 73%;
11 yrs., 44%. Kuhlmann's figures when using his own revised scale with
public school children including the seventh grade, are:—6 yrs., 100%; 7
yrs., 95%; 8 yrs., 90%; 9 yrs., 87%; 10 yrs., 81%; 11 yrs., 80%; 12
yrs., 57%. It is clear that any change in the test norm from age to age
must disturb the quotient which is based on these norms, although it
would not affect the intelligence coefficient with the Point scale.
3. A third advantage of the percentage method arises from the fact that
we cannot presume that the same ratio in terms of the scale units will
exclude the same degrees of ability at different ages even when the
norms for these ages are properly adjusted. The earlier results with the
Stanford revision show a large variation as to the percentage excluded
by the same I Q at different ages. For example, an I Q of .76 would have
shut out 1% of 117 non-selected 6-year-olds, 2% of 113 9-year-olds and
7% of 98 13-year-olds. The lowest 1% of the last group was below a
borderline of .66 (_197_).
With widely varying norms of the other scales, the I Q borderlines show
much greater variation. In a recent review of the evidence, including
Descoudres' report (_96_) on retesting the same children for several
years Stern recognizes that an I Q index is not constant after 12 years
(_187_). Doll records decided changes in quotients for the same
individual at different ages (_99_). So far as the 1908 scale is
concerned, using Goddard's data, our Table V shows that at five years of
age the lowest 1.8% would fall at or below a quotient of .40, at eight
years the lowest 1.9% would show a quotient of .62 or less, and at 15
years the lowest 2.8% fall below a quotient of .75. The rough tentative
approximation of scale limits which I have suggested for the lowest 1.5%
shows that a series of quotients for children from 5 to 15 years of age
would be below .75 at every age and below .65 for half of these ages.
For the presumably deficient group the quotients would be still lower in
order to be as conservative as the borderlines that I have suggested
with the Binet scale as at present standardized.
With the coefficient of intelligence and the Point scale, the Yerkes and
Wood data show that their borderline of .70 excluded 13% of 196 children
8 and 9 years of age, while it excluded only 5% of each of the next two
groups of double ages. With the group of 237 18-year-old Cincinnati
working girls it excluded only 3% (_226_).
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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