IBSENISM 338 CHAPTER V. FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE 415 BOOK IV. _REALISM._ CHAPTER I. ZOLA AND HIS SCHOOL 473 CHAPTER II. THE ‘YOUNG GERMAN’ PLAGIARISTS 506 BOOK V. _THE TWENTIETH CENTURY._ CHAPTER I. PROGNOSIS 536 CHAPTER II. THERAPEUTICS 550 DEGENERATION BOOK I. _FIN-DE-SIÈCLE_. CHAPTER I. THE DUSK OF THE NATIONS. FIN-DE-SIÈCLE is a name covering both what is characteristic of many modern phenomena, and also the underlying mood which in them finds expression. Experience has long shown that an idea usually derives its designation from the language of the nation which first formed it. This, indeed, is a law of constant application when historians of manners and customs inquire into language, for the purpose of obtaining some notion, through the origins of some verbal root, respecting the home of the earliest inventions and the line of evolution in different human races. _Fin-de-siècle_ is French, for it was in France that the mental state so entitled was first consciously realized. The word has flown from one hemisphere to the other, and found its way into all civilized languages. A proof this that the need of it existed. The _fin-de-siècle_ state of mind is to-day everywhere to be met with; nevertheless, it is in many cases a mere imitation of a foreign fashion gaining vogue, and not an organic evolution. It is in the land of its birth that it appears in its most genuine form, and Paris is the right place in which to observe its manifold expressions.