Demobilization : $b our industrial and military demobilization after the armistice, 1918-1920Crowell, Benedict
History
Demobilization : $b our industrial and military demobilization after the armistice, 1918-1920
Crowell, Benedict
United States. Army. American Expeditionary Forces -- Demobilization; World War, 1914-1918 -- United States
Even some of the experts in the Chemical Warfare Service accepted the
common, but, as it proved, erroneous, opinion after the armistice that
the great quantities of war gases accumulated by this nation and others
during the war would be a dangerous menace as long as they were in
storage, and that they would have to be destroyed, presumably by being
dumped into the sea. These poisons were supposed to be so corrosive in
their action that no metal containers would hold them long. Since large
quantities of the war gases on hand after the armistice were loaded
into steel shell, it was assumed that these shell and their contents
would be a dead loss, except, perhaps, for some slight salvage value.
Events after the armistice seemed to strengthen this impression.
Leakage, for instance, was undoubtedly occurring in the gas shell
stored in our shell dumps in France; and it was dangerous for unmasked
men to work around some of these dumps. An even more convincing
demonstration of the instability of loaded gas projectiles was given
accidentally at Edgewood Arsenal after the armistice. Among the war
stocks there declared surplus was one consignment of 500,000 hand
grenades loaded with stannic chloride, a smoke-producing chemical.
These had been returned from France, and they were undoubtedly in
poor condition. On the voyage from France the chemical had begun to
eat holes through the metal of the grenades, and several thousand
of the grenades had had to be thrown overboard. The Chemical Warfare
Service sold these grenades to a chemical company. When a locomotive
backed down to couple to the cars containing the grenades, the slight
jar exploded fully half the missiles, and nobody could go near that
sidetrack for two or three days.
This incident apparently showed the impermanency of war gases. Actually
it demonstrated the impermanency only of stannic chloride, which is
highly corrosive to metal; and stannic chloride, in the quantities
produced, was a relatively unimportant war chemical. Nevertheless, in
the fear that other more highly toxic gases would also corrode and eat
through their containers, the Chemical Warfare Service dumped into the
ocean some twenty tons of phosgene and a large quantity of mustard-gas
shell. This was probably sheer waste, as it proved, because subsequent
experimentation established the fact that the most deadly of the war
gases could be safely stored for years if all water moisture were
driven from the chemicals themselves and all air exhausted from the
containers, leaving only the pure chemicals in contact with the metal
of the containers. Corrosion was found to be due to the presence of
moisture within the containers.
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