Early in 1600 were occupying the lower peninsula of Michigan in scattered bands, whence they were finally driven westward by the Iroquois, and settled about Green Bay. The French acquired much influence over them, whom they joined in their wars with the Iroquois. Joined Pontiac in his uprising in 1763. Hostile to colonists during the Revolution, but made a peace in 1795, joining the English again, however, in 1812. New treaties followed by which their lands were almost entirely conveyed away, until in 1838 a reserve was allotted them on the Missouri, to which 800 were removed. The whole tribe then numbered about 4,000, some bands of which had made considerable progress in civilization, while a part, called the Pottawatomies of the Prairie, were roving and pagan. Those in Kansas made rapid progress in civilization. In 1867, 1,400 out of 2,180 elected to become citizens and take their lands in severalty; the others held to their tribal organization, but disintegration set in and many became wanderers, some even going to Mexico. It is difficult at the present time to estimate their whole number, owing to their scattered condition. There are only 450 in the Indian Territory, under the care of the Indian Bureau, and in Michigan 60. The others are citizens or roaming in Mexico. Of this once numerous and powerful nation we have but a single illustration, viz: _List of illustrations._ 522. MZHIK-KI-AN. _Thunder Coming Down to the Ground._ 8. SACS AND FOXES. The Sacs, Sauks, or Saukies, as it has been variously written--a word meaning white clay--and the Foxes, or Outagamies, or more properly the Musquakkink, (Red Clay), are now as one tribe. They were first discovered settled about Green Bay, Wis., but their possessions extended westward, so that the larger part was beyond the Mississippi. They partly subdued and admitted into their alliance the Iowas, a Dakota tribe. By 1804 they had ceded all their lands east of the Mississippi, and settled on the Des Moines River, moving subsequently to the Osage, and most of these finally to the Indian Territory. In 1822 the united bands numbered 8,000, but are now reduced to a little more than 1,000, of whom 341 are still in Iowa, 430 in the Indian Territory, 98 in Nebraska, and about 200 in Kansas. The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi in the Indian Territory have a reservation of 483,840 acres. Unsuccessful attempts have been made lately to induce those in Kansas to join them. Those in Iowa are living on a section of land purchased by themselves. The Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri have 4,863 acres of land in Nebraska, but it is proposed to remove them soon to the Indian Territory. _List of illustrations._ 677. KEOKUK. _Watchful Fox._ A chief of the Kiscoquah band of Sacs or Sauks, and head chief of the combined Sacs and Foxes.