The foliation reverted to a more conventional character, and became lifeless and monotonous in comparison with the Decorated work. It must not be assumed that examples in every instance will be found complete in any of these phases; on the contrary, the various styles are to be found side by side in the same building, the result of later additions or rebuilding. [Illustration: No. 71. Perpendicular Gothic Tower, All Saints, Derby.] Painted decoration and sculpture were also employed during the various periods; wood-work where necessary was used, and in detail was in harmony with the architectural character of the period. _Civic Influences_ [Illustration: No. 72. Coronation Chair, Westminster Abbey, 13th century.] The feudal period was not favourable to the development of domestic conditions, though considerable advance had been made by the fourteenth century, chiefly by the Italian states and in the principal cities. The importance of the latter is evidenced particularly in the City of London, with its merchant class and civic authorities, who, by reason of their wealth, attained potential political influence, the prevailing contentious conditions necessitating the continual raising of large sums of money. Such conditions were favourable to the merchants, who, acting as bankers, supplied the means, and thus a class was established and apparently lived in profusion and some pretention to sumptuous environment. [Illustration: No. 73. Bedstead and Cradle from M.S. in Bodleian Library, 14th century.] _Effect of Commerce_ Similar conditions to those in England prevailed on the Continent with certain local variations. A big stride was made with the development of commerce, mainly through the agency of Venetian and Flemish merchants. The effect of increasing opulence as signalised by the appearance in the home of such comfort and refinement as had formerly been possible only for princes and great nobles. Among the luxuries imported were Oriental silks, carpets and pottery. [Illustration: No. 74. Fireplace, 13th century.] _Italy_ Whereas, throughout Europe generally, the Gothic character in furniture and woodwork developed on similar lines, in Italy alone its appeal to the national sympathies was not strong enough for it to become thoroughly assimilated, and there the Byzantine style persisted. The woods most in use were oak and chestnut. In Italy walnut and cypress were used--the latter being considered especially valuable for chests. Early examples of Italian chests are decorated with closely spaced incised ornament, filled in with colour. The Venetians derived from Persia and India a form of marquetry or inlay of ivory, metal and various woods, generally geometric in design. The wood used was stained in order to vary the colour. _Foreign Influence in England_