The Fifteenth Quality necessary in God is Being a Willer (_kawn murid_). It is a quality subsisting in His essence, not an entity and not a non-entity. It is called a state (_hal_) and it is not Will, equally whether the essence is eternal or created. So, God creates in the essence of Zayd Will actual, and He creates in it the quality called Zayd’s Being a Willer. And what is said above, about the disagreement between the Mu‘tazilites and the People of the Sunna on Being Powerful, applies also to Being a Willer. [The same thing applies exactly to Qualities Sixteen, Seventeen, Eighteen, Nineteen and Twenty,—Being a Knower (_alim_), a Living One (_hayy_), a Hearer (_sami_), a Seer (_basir_), a Speaker (_mutakallim_).] NOTICE. The Qualities, Power, Will, Knowledge, Life, Hearing, Seeing, Speech, which have preceded, are called, “Qualities consisting of ideas” (_sifat al-ma‘ani_, thought-qualities as opposed to active qualities; see below); on account of the connection of the general with the particular (_idafatu-l-amm lil-khass_), or the explanatory connection (_al-idafatu-l-bayaniya_). And those which follow these, God’s Being Powerful, etc., are called “Qualities _derived_ from ideas” (_sifat ma‘nawiya_), by way of derivation (_nisba_) from the “Qualities consisting of ideas,” because they are inseparable from them in a thing eternal and proceed from them in a thing originated, according to what has preceded. And the Mataridites added to the “Qualities consisting of Ideas,” an Eighth Quality and called it, Making to Be (_takwin_). It is a quality and an entity like the rest of the “Qualities consisting of Ideas”; if the veil were removed from us we would see it, just as we would see the other “Qualities consisting of Ideas” if the veil were removed from us. But the Ash‘arites opposed them and urged that there was no advantage in having a quality, Making to Be, besides Power, because the Mataridites said that God brought into existence and out of existence by the quality of Making to Be. Then these replied that Power prepared the possibility for existence, that is, made it ready to receive existence after it had not been ready; that thereafter Making to Be brought it into existence actually. The Ash‘arites replied that the possible was ready for existence without anything further. And on account of their having added this quality, they said that the active qualities (_sifat al-af‘al_), such as Creating (_khalq_), Bringing to Life (_ihya_), Sustaining (_razq_), Bringing to Death (_imata_), were eternal, because these expressions are names of the quality Making to Be, which is a quality and an entity, according to them. But it is eternal; therefore these active qualities are eternal. But according to the Ash‘arites, the active qualities are originated, because they are only names of the connections of Power. So Bringing to Life is a name for the connection of Power with Life, and Sustaining is a name for the connection of