558-580 Ab_u_ Ya‘q_u_b the Muwa_hh_id. 561 ‘Abd al-Q_a_dir al-J_i_l_a_n_i_, founder of order of darw_i_shes, d. 567 Conquest of Egypt by Saladin and end of F_at_imids. 576 Order of Rif_a_‘ites founded. 580 Ab_u_ Ya‘q_u_b d. 580-596 Ab_u_ Y_u_suf al-Man_su_r. 581 Ibn _T_ufayl d. 587 As-Suhraward_i_ executed. 589 Saladin d. 590 Ab_u_ Shuj_a_‘ d.? 595 Ibn Rushd d.; Ab_u_ Y_u_suf al-Man_su_r the Muwa_hh_id d. 601 Maimonides d. = A.D. 1204. 606 Fakhr ad-D_i_n ar-R_a_z_i_ d. 620 Ab_u_-l-_H_ajj_a_j b. _T_uml_u_s d.; Fakhr ad-D_i_n b. ‘As_a_kir d.; St. Francis of Assisi d. = A.D. 1226. 625-941 _H_afsids at Tunis. 630-640 _A_r-Rash_i_d the Muwa_hh_id. 632 ‘Umar b. al-F_a_ri_d_. 638 Ibn ‘Arab_i_ d. 648 Frederick II. d. = A.D. 1250. 654 End of Assassins by Mongols; Ash-Sh_a_dhil_i_, founder of order of darw_i_shes, d. 667 Ibn Sab‘_i_n d.; end of Muwa_hh_ids. 672 Jal_a_l ad-D_i_n ar-R_u_m_i_ d. 675 A_h_mad al-Badaw_i_, founder of order of darw_i_shes, d. 681 Ibn Khallik_a_n d. 685 Al-Bay_da_w_i_ d. 693, 698-708, 709-741 Mu_h_ammad An-N_as_ir, Maml_u_k Sul_t_an, reg. 719 An-Na_s_r al-Manbij_i_ d.? 724 Ibn Rushd is still studied at Almeria. 728 Ibn Taym_i_ya d.; Meister Eckhart d. = A.D. 1328. 730 ‘Abd ar-Razz_a_q d. 756 Al-‘_I_j_i_ d.; Heinrich Suso d. 791 At-Taft_aza_n_i_ d.; an-Naqshband_i_, founder of order of darw_i_shes, d. 808 Ibn Khald_u_n d. 857 Capture of Constantinople by Ottomans and office of Shaykh al-Isl_a_m created = A.D. 1453. Thomas à Kempis d. = A.D. 1471. 895 M. b. Y_u_suf as-San_u_s_i_ d. 907 Accession of _S_afawids. 922 Conquest of Egypt by Ottoman Turks. 945 Death of al-Mutawakkil, last ‘Abb_a_sid. 951 Beginning of Shar_i_fs of Morocco. 973 Ash-Sha‘r_a_n_i_ d. 1201 ‘Abd al-Wahh_a_b d. = A.D. 1787. 1205 Sayyid Murta_da_ d.; al-Fu_da_l_i_ fl. circ. 1220. 1252 Foundation of Brotherhood of as-San_u_s_i_ = A.D. 1837. 1260 Ibr_a_h_i_m al-B_a_j_u_r_i_ d.; Decree of Porte that apostate Muslims should not be put to death. 1275 Death of founder of Brotherhood of as-San_u_s_i_ = A.D. 1859. FOOTNOTES [1] For Muslim eschatology reference may still be made to Sale’s introduction to the Qur’an, § 4. The punishment of the grave is what, in the case of unbelievers, follows the inquisition by the two angels _Munkar_ and _Nakir_; see on them Lane’s _Modern Egyptians_, chap. xxviii; on the whole subject, see translations by Gautier and Wolff and tractate by Rüling (Bibliography, p. 367). [2] This, one of the dividing questions between Sunnites and Shi‘ites, belongs to theology as well as law. See p. 314 and Goldziher, _Zur Literaturgeschichte der Si‘a_, p. 87.