A name given to the Confederacion Centro-Americana, which was formed at Chinandega in 1842, with the object of uniting the Central American States. Chinese Gordon. The sobriquet of General Charles Gordon, the conqueror of the Taepings. Chônin. In old Japan the wardsmen or trading class, the lowest in rank of the four Japanese classes. Chouans. The royalist party in La Vendée and other parts of Brittany, who held out against the revolutionary armies until 1779. Among their most celebrated leaders were Larochejaquelin and Cadoudal. Chouiski. _See_ Belski. Christ, Order of. A Portuguese order of knighthood, founded circ. 1318. Christian Alliance. An offensive and defensive alliance entered into in 1529 by Austria and the Canton of Zurich. It was also known as the Treaty of Ferdinand. Christinos. The Spanish party supporting the Regency of Queen Christina in 1833, in opposition to the Carlists. Chupatties. Small cakes of unleavened bread, which were sent through the villages of British India just before the outbreak of the Indian Mutiny in 1857. It is supposed that they were a signal to prepare for a rising, though other explanations have been given of their meaning. Cicero, The British. A sobriquet of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham (1708-1778). Cid, The. Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, a celebrated Spanish chieftain, in the reigns of Ferdinand I, Sancho II, and Alfonso VI, was known as the Cid Campeador, or Campaigning Chief. He died in 1099. Ci-devants. The name given during the French Revolution to those who, owing to the abolition of all titles of honour, were no longer known by their titles, but by their family names. Thus Marie Antoinette was brought to trial as the “Widow Capet.” Cincinnatus, The American. A sobriquet of George Washington. Cinq-Mars, Conspiracy of. A conspiracy directed against Richelieu, the leaders of which were Cinq-Mars, the favourite of Louis XIII, the Duc d’Orléans and De Thou. An arrangement was made with Spain, by which she was to support the conspirators with men and money. This agreement was discovered by Richelieu in 1642, and Cinq-Mars and De Thou were arrested and executed. Cinque Cento. The sixteenth century, the later period of the Italian Renaissance. Cinque Ports. These were originally Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover and Sandwich, to which were afterwards added Rye and Winchilsea. They were incorporated at a very early, though uncertain date, to provide and man ships for the defence of the Channel, and in return enjoyed certain privileges, judicial and other. Their earliest known charter was granted by Edward I, but they were summoned to send Barons to Parliament by Henry III in 1265, there is no doubt that they were incorporated in some form at a considerably earlier period. Their privileges were finally abolished by the Municipal Corporations Act in 1835. Cintra, Convention of.