The present, preterit, and future participles are formed by adding the particles _fito_ or _mono_ to the indicative. When _fito_ is used the result is a more honorable way of speaking; e.g., _aguru fito_ or _aguru mono_ 'he who offers,' _agueta fito_ 'he who offered,' _agueô mono_ 'he who will offer,' _Buppôgacu suru tomogara ni voite va_ (73v) 'as for those who devote themselves to the study of the laws of idolatry,' _von vo xiru vo fito to va iúzo; von vo xiranu voba chicuxó to coso iie_ (96v). In this last sentence the _vo_ takes the place of the participle, and the sentence therefore means 'those who know kindness (_beneficia_) are correctly called men; those who do not know it are truly called beasts.' This is a general rule for all the conjugations and therefore the example contains a verb from the second conjugation. The participle is also made by adding _te_ ['hand'] to the root of the verb; e.g., _aguete_ 'one who offers.' _The First Negative Conjugation_ The negative root is formed by adding _zu_ to the affirmative root; e.g., _aguezu_. The present tense is formed with _nu_ instead of _zu_; e.g., _aguenu_ 'I do not offer.' This is a general rule no matter how the root ends. The only exceptions are _xi_ and _maraxi_ which form the negative present in _xenu_ and _maraxenu_ 'I do not do.' The roots that end in _ji_ change the _ji_ to _je_ and then suffix the particle _nu_ to the present; e.g., _zonji_ in the negative present becomes _zonienu_ [_zonjenu_] 'I do not know.' In some areas of Japan they form the negative by removing the final _u_ from the negative root and adding _ari,u_, which is then conjugated according to the required tense; e.g., _aguezaru_ 'I do not offer,' _aguezatta_ 'I did not offer,' _aguezatta reba_ 'since I did not offer.' They also say _aguezu xite_ 'by not offering.'[87] {132} The negative of the preterit is formed in like manner by adding the particle _nanda_ instead of _nu_; e.g., _aguenanda_ 'I did not offer,' _zonjenanda_ 'I did not know,' _vorinanda_ 'I did not descend.' The pluperfect is formed by changing the last _a_ of the preterit to _e_ and adding the verb _gozaru_ in the present and _gozatta_ in the preterit; e.g., _aguenande gozaru_ or _aguenande gozatta_ 'I have not offered.' It is also formed by adding _ide gozaru_ or _ide gozatta_ instead of (27 _nande gozaru_; e.g., _agueide gozaru_ or _agueide gozatta_ 'I had not offered,' _zonzeide gozaru_ [_zonjeide_ ... ][88] 'I had not known,' _vochiide gozatta_ 'I had not fallen.' The negative future is formed by adding _mai_ or _maji_ to the affirmative root or the affirmative present tense; e.g., _ague mai_ or _aguru maji_ 'you will not offer.' The imperative is formed by placing _na_ after the present indicative; _aguru na_ 'do not offer.' It is also formed by placing _na_ before the root and _so_ after it; e.g., _na ague so_ 'do not offer.'