The imperative is formed by placing _e_ after the root; e.g., _naraie_ 'learn!' _toie_ 'ask!' _cuie_ 'eat!'[93] It is also formed by removing the syllable _nu_ from the negative present tense and replacing it with the letter _i_; e.g., _naravai_ 'learn!' _tovai_ 'ask!' _cuvai_ 'eat!' This form is used when addressing inferiors, as are those of the other conjugations. _The Third Negative Conjugation_ The root of the third negative conjugation is formed by changing the _i_ of the affirmative root to _vazu_; e.g., _naravazu_, _tovazu_, and _cuvazu_. The present tense is formed by changing the _i_ to _vanu_; e.g., _naravanu_ 'I do not learn,' _tovanu_ 'I do not ask,' _cuvanu_ 'I do not eat.' The preterit is formed by changing the _i_ of the root to _vananda_; e.g., _naravananda_ 'I did not learn,' _tovananda_ 'I did not ask,' _cuvananda_ 'I did not eat.' The pluperfect is formed by changing the final _a_ of the preterit to _e_ and adding the verb _gozaru_ or _gozatta_; e.g., _cuvanande gozatta_ 'I had {137} not eaten,' or _naravanande gozaru_ 'I had not learned.' The remaining forms are like the other conjugations.[94] If the substantive verb is placed after the gerund in _Do_ for all the affirmative and negative conjugations, it means that the action signified by the gerund is or is not done; e.g., _aguete aró_ 'it will already be offered,' _cono qió ga caite gozaranu_ 'this book is not written,' _agueide arózu_ 'he will not yet have offered.' The substantive verbs are _gozaru:gozaranu_, _voru:vori nai_, _dea_ or _gia:devanai_, _aru:aranu_ or _gozaranu_, _voru:voranu,_ and each of these verbs follows the general rules for its conjugation.[95] If the substantive verb from any of the conjugations is placed after the infinitive form it means that whatever is signified by the infinitive is, was, or will be; or the negative thereof; e.g., _aguru coto aró_ 'it will be that he offers,' that is to say 'he will offer,' _naróta coto gozaru mai_ 'he will not learn.' All these substantive verbs are conjugated in the second conjugation to which they belong by virtue of the fact that their (32 roots end in _i_; _ari,u:gozari,u_. _The Conjugation of the Negative Substantive Verb_ The negative substantive verb is _nai_, _gozanai_, or _vori nai_ which means 'not to be.' Its root is _naqu_, _gozanaqu_, or _vori naqu_. The preterit is formed by changing the _i_ in which the present tense ends to _c_ and then adding the preterit of _ari,u_ which is _atta_; e.g., _nacatta_ or _gozanacatta_ 'he was not.' The other tenses are conjugated, as is _ari,u_, in the second conjugation. The imperative is _nacare_, _nanaiso_, or _nai na_ 'be not!' {138} The subjunctive is formed by changing the _i_ of the present tense to _qereba_; e.g., _naqereba_ or _gozanaqereba_ 'if it be not.' The permissive subjunctive is formed by changing the _i_ of the present to _qeredomo_; e.g., _gozanaqeredomo_ 'although he is not.'