In order to prevent the spread of diphtheria to others it is important always to recognize the presence of the disease, even in mild cases. In order to do this the doctor makes a culture from the throat and nose of the suspected individual. He takes a piece of sterile cotton wrapped around the end of a thin stick of wire and touches this to the throat and tonsils, especially where there are patches or membranes. Then he sends this swab to a laboratory, where cultures are planted from it. The next day these cultures are examined with a microscope to see if diphtheria bacilli, the germs which cause diphtheria, are present. Since the diphtheria germs or bacilli grow on the lining of the throat and air passages, they are easily thrown out from the mouth and nose of the patient with particles of mucus or spit when the patient coughs, spits, or sneezes. But even when the patient talks, especially when he talks loudly, tiny droplets of mucus or spit are given off. These droplets may have diphtheria bacilli on them. The same is true of particles of food, no matter how small, falling from the patient's lips. Eating utensils such as cups, glasses, forks, and spoons that have touched the lips of the patient may likewise have saliva on them. When the patient has diphtheria all these droplets of saliva and of mucus may, and usually do, contain many diphtheria bacilli. Curiously, some persons may have diphtheria bacilli in the nose and throat and yet remain entirely well. Such persons are called "healthy carriers." They are especially dangerous, because there is no outward sign which will tell them or others that they are carrying deadly disease germs around. All who attend the patient must be very careful not to get any of the dangerous discharges from the patient's mouth or nose on the hands. In fact, it is important for the attendant always to wash her hands promptly after waiting on the patient. Besides this, care should be taken that the germs are not carried to others by the use of eating utensils, such as cups, glasses, spoons, forks, or plates. All of these should be sterilized with _boiling_ water after each meal. ANTITOXIN TREATMENT. Depending on the way it is treated, diphtheria is one of the least dangerous or one of the most dangerous diseases. It is one of the least dangerous when promptly treated with antitoxin; it is one of the most dangerous when the antitoxin treatment is not given, or is delayed or insufficient. In the days before we had antitoxin one out of every three children who had diphtheria died. Now, if antitoxin is used on the first or second day of the disease ninety-eight out of every hundred children recover. The sooner diphtheria is attended to the more certain is a cure.