When the balloon is completely inflated with hydrogen, as at the beginning of an ascent, these balloonets lie flat against the lower part of the envelope, exactly like a lining. As the airship rises, the gas expands owing to the reduction in atmospheric pressure at a higher altitude, as well as to the influence of heat. With the increase in pressure, uniform inflation is maintained by the escape of a certain amount of gas through the automatic valves provided for the purpose. Unless this took place, the internal pressure might assume proportions placing the balloon in danger of blowing up. To avoid this, a pressure gauge communicating with the gas compartment is one of the most important instruments on the control board of the car, and should its reading indicate a failure of the automatic valves, the pilot must reduce the pressure by operating a hand valve. But as the car descends, the increased external pressure causes a recontraction of the gas until it no longer suffices to fill the envelope. To replace the loss the air pumps are utilized to force air into the air balloonets until the sum of the volumes of gas and air in the different compartments equals the original volume. In this manner, the initial conditions, upon which the equilibrium of the airship is based, are always maintained. This is not the only method of correcting for change in volume, nor of maintaining the longitudinal stability of the whole fabric, the importance of which has already been detailed, but experience has shown that it is the most practical. It is possible to give the balloon a rigid frame over which the envelope is stretched and to attach the car by means of a rigid metal suspension, as in the various Zeppelin airships, or to take it semi-rigid, as in the Gross, another German type in which Zeppelin’s precedent was followed only in the case of the suspension. To prevent deformation by this means, the balloon is provided with an absolutely rigid skeleton of aluminum tubes. This framing is in the shape of a number of uniform cylindrical sections, or gas compartments, each one of which accommodates an independent balloon, while over the entire frame a very strong but light fabric constituting the outer or protecting envelope is stretched taut. The idea of the numerous independent balloons is to insure a high factor of safety as the loss of the entire contents of two or three of them through accident would not dangerously affect the lifting power of the whole. The numerous wrecks which attended the landings of these huge non-flexible masses during the early stages of their development led to the provision of some form of shelter wherever they were expected to land. Even now, they are practically unmanageable in the air during a fierce wind and must be allowed to sail under control until the wind has spent itself.