The duodenum begins in practically all birds, from a spherical cavity at the pyloric end of the gizzard, to be accredited anatomically to both sections. It passes downward, forms a long loop enclosing the pancreas, its distal end lying under the liver and near the gall-bladder. Near its end it receives the major bile and pancreatic ducts; smaller ducts from the liver and pancreas may enter near the pylorus or elsewhere along the loop. The small intestine is usually simple in its coils, but in the birds that eat grain, grass and greens, may be long and complicated. So too the colon, usually a very short segment, may be increased in the just mentioned group while the ceca are only of any considerable length in herbivorous birds. The length of the ceca is, according to Owen, related to the availability of food and the need the bird may have for exhausting the nutritive value of it. In carnivorous birds as in similar mammals, the whole gut, but especially the hind-gut, is very short and the ceca small or absent. But so they are in picarian birds which are chiefly herbivorous, but may eat meat. GASTRITIS. The double-muscle stomach, that with the two lateral plates and tough epidermal internal coating, is seldom the seat of disease. An excess of greens in the diet sometimes seems to soften or macerate the lining, while an excess of pebbles may cause erosions. Upon severe irritation this internal layer assumes the appearance of tanned leather and may crack. The proventricle of such a gizzard seems rather resistant to disease, particularly one would say, to infective processes, for catarrhal or ulcerative inflammation is uncommon. The saccular stomach with uniform muscular walls continuous with those of the proventricle, such as is seen in raptatory birds and parrots, offers a somewhat different picture. The internal membranes of these organs are definitely softer, seeming to swell with great ease, and the glands themselves are smaller both at the fundus and outlet, a construction which may favor their closure by swelling from simple congestion and edema. Catarrhal and ulcerative processes are definitely more common in such organs than in the first type or true gizzard. ENTERITIS. Enteritis of all orders is most outspoken in the duodenal loop, but a determination of the lesion must be made with some care. All the signs of intestinal inflammation—congestion, swelling and opacity, excess mucus or mucopurulent covering—must be present to justify a gross diagnosis of enteritis and even when these exist one fails at times to confirm the finding by microscopical section. These changes may be simulated by digestive activity so that it is but reasonable to demand them all in a clear cut fashion before applying the term enteritis. However, it is well known that cases in both human and veterinary medicine giving a satisfactory clinical picture of this disease may fail to show to the naked eye and under magnification the changes expected.