The only representative of the rodents is a capybara (_Hydrochœrus hydrochœrus_), their largest variety. This case was originally described as a typical Lænnec or Pictou cirrhosis but I now class it as a portal form. The distinct insular arrangement of the lobules, the failure of involvement of the bile channels and the ascites are reasons for the present decision. The animal suffered also from tuberculosis (not in liver) and myocarditis. The Indian Elephant, “Bolivar” (_Elephas indicus_), an old specimen, is the only member of his order to show cirrhosis. It may be considered as a senile process in part but the extreme distortion and compression of the lobules press the conclusion that it was a progressive inflammation. [Illustration: FIG. 18.—PORTAL CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER IN ATROPHIC STAGE. BARBARY APE (MACACUS INNUUS). THE DILATATION OF THE STOMACH ALSO SHOWS IN PHOTOGRAPH. ] [Illustration: FIG. 19.—ATROPHIC PORTAL CIRRHOSIS OF LIVER. INDIAN ELEPHANT (ELEPHAS INDICUS). ] Aves fail to show lesions which could be called portal cirrhosis, five of their six cases being biliary and one fatty with signs of continued infection. The macroscopic anatomy of the avian liver with chronic fibrosing hepatitis is fairly uniform and suggestive. In the first place it is grossly nodular, lumpy, not finely granular or “hobnailed.” The sensation to the finger is resilient rather than tough. The color is variable but green and dull purple are the usual shades. On section no peculiarities present themselves unless it be that one can find pale spots on a dark background, which may correspond to the mammalian connective tissue strands. Microscopically the increase of cellular groups at portal spaces and the extensive growth of connective tissue between the liver columns are the noteworthy features. There is nothing in mammalian cirrhoses to compare with the intralobular growth of fibres in birds. There is of course no regularity so that the degree of replacement or necrosis of parenchyma is hard to estimate. Bile ducts do not proliferate but seem, once obstructed and surrounded, to succumb to the inflammation. The six cases in birds are: Psittaci, 3, Galli, Anseres, Struthiones each one. The cases in the last two orders were associated with parasites, to which bacteria or toxin may have been added. It is interesting to note that the two frankly progressive obstructive biliary cases in the parrots showed general jaundice.