VI. GENITO-URINARY ORGANS 747 Urethrotomy in the ox 747 Ischial urethrotomy 747 Scrotal urethrotomy 748 Passage of the catheter and urethrotomy in the ram 749 Passage of the catheter in the cow 750 Castration 751 Castration of the bull and ram 751 Bistournage 751 Martelage 756 Castration by clams 756 Castration by torsion 757 Castration with the actual cautery 758 Castration by the elastic ligature 758 Castration of the ram 759 Castration of boars and young pigs 759 Castration of cryptorchids 760 Female genital organs 760 Castration of the cow 761 Castration of the sow 765 Suture of the vulva 768 Trusses 769 Section of the sphincter of the teat 770 Dilatation of the orifice of the teat 770 Ablation of the mammæ 771 DISEASES OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS AND SWINE. SECTION I. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF LOCOMOTION. METHODS OF EXAMINATION. Accidental and local diseases of the apparatus of locomotion are matters of less urgency in the case of cattle than in that of the horse. On the other hand, general affections, such as rheumatism and osseous cachexia, demand a larger share of attention, and are of the utmost importance. As the accurate diagnosis of any disease demands careful and systematic examination, the practitioner usually observes a certain order in his investigations, as indicated below:— (1.) =Inspection=, from the side, from the front and from behind, reveals the existence of deformities of bones, limbs, muscles and joints, articular displacements, and irregularities of conformation or of gait. By inspection of an animal as it walks various forms of lameness, and their particular characteristics, are rendered visible.