malnutrition; the usual fat is absent; serous effusions are noticed in the body cavities, serous infiltration in the connective tissue. =Treatment= is similar to that of parasitic gastro-enteritis of sheep and lambs (which see). CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE LIVER. From the physiological standpoint the liver is an organ of such importance that its pathology should be studied as completely as possible. Furthermore, it is often the seat of a number of varying lesions, either of parasitic, toxic, infectious, or cancerous origin. In animals of the bovine species the liver is placed in the right retrodiaphragmatic region, so that it is somewhat difficult to examine by any of the ordinary methods, like palpation and percussion. Under normal conditions it is entirely concealed beneath the hypochondrium, except towards the upper margin of the thirteenth rib, where it can be examined by palpation. When, as in various morbid conditions, it is considerably increased in size, it extends as far as the margin of the hypochondriac circle, thus becoming directly accessible to palpation and percussion. Sometimes it even enters the hypochondriac region, passing outside the omasum and abomasum, which it then thrusts towards the middle of the abdominal cavity. The margin of the liver exhibits a depression lodging the gall bladder nearly opposite the centre of its vertical depth. As the liver is so deeply situated, percussion is found to be the method of examination which gives the best results. Beyond the limits of the zone of auscultation, percussion gives above a semi-dull sound, then, proceeding downwards, a dull sound due to the liver, the omasum, and the collection of liquid in the bowel. When this dulness is well defined, clear, broad from above downwards, and extends to or beyond the hypochondrium, it indicates hypertrophy of the liver. By deep palpation of the posterior margin of the hypochondrium the liver can then be sounded, and its excessive size detected. The symptomatology of the liver is still very imperfectly understood, for in practice the urine is rarely tested for bile pigments, nor attempts made to ascertain whether the glycogenic function is normal by the test for alimentary glycosuria. In this connection nothing has yet been done to assist in diagnosing certain hepatic conditions. Fortunately, those diseases of the liver which we have to study are more often of a parasitic nature than true diseases of the hepatic tissue. The reported cases of venous or biliary cirrhosis, moreover, are too ill-defined and too incomplete to be taken as a type for description. We leave them on one side. In a similar way, apart from parasitic cholangeitis and cholecystitis, inflammations of the biliary ducts are little known, and are rare. CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.