Goldwashing, in the rivers, is another occupation, by which many thousand Gipseys, of both sexes, procure a livelihood, in the Banat, Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia. As this is only a summer employment, they are under the necessity of finding some other means of supporting themselves during the winter. It is not permitted for every one, without exception, to be a goldwasher: in Transylvania, such only can follow the employment, who have leave from the office of Mons; {51} and these only enjoy the privilege under certain restrictions. In Wallachia and Moldavia, none of the bojars’ slaves, thence called _bojaresk_ (bojar Gipseys), are suffered to meddle with goldwashing; that being a liberty granted only to those who, like other subjects, are immediately under the prince, denominated _domnesk_ (princely Gipseys): which are also subdivided into three classes; the first named _Rudar_; the second _Ursar_; and the third _Lajaschen_. The _Radars_ alone have the licence above mentioned; the others are obliged to seek a different means of obtaining support. Each person is forced to pay a certain tribute to government. The goldwashers in Transylvania and the Banat pay four guilders annually, which is discharged in gold-dust: the same sum is due from every Gipsey, though many evade the contribution. When the time for payment approaches; they contrive to keep out of the way, particularly the Hungarian Gipseys. The tribute collected in Wallachia and Moldavia does not go into the public treasury, but belongs to the princesses for pin-money. In Cantemir’s time, that in Moldavia produced yearly one thousand six hundred drachms: and the consort of the Wallachian hospodar Stephen Rakowitza, in the year 1764, received from her Rudars, two hundred and forty in number, twelve hundred and fifty-four drachms;—a sum, according to General von Bauer and Sulzer, amounting to one thousand and three drachms, fine gold. What the Gipseys in Wallachia and Moldavia get more than their head-money, goes to the grand armasch, at two lion-guilders the drachm: this he afterwards sells again, at a higher price, according with its real value; as General von Bauer believes, for his own profit, not for that of the prince. The goldwashers in the Banat and Transylvania dispose of their share at the royal redemption-office, in Zalatnya. The earnings of these people vary with time and at different places; during heavy rains and floods they are usually most successful: besides, their profit is more or less, according to the quality of the river they wash in. At the most favourable times, viz. at the floods, Griselini calculates their daily gain not to exceed three groschens. If we understand, as we certainly ought, that this sum is not earned by each person, but by a whole family, the statement will agree, pretty nearly, with Mr. Dembscher’s account: he says, “In the year 1770 there were, in the districts of Uj-Palanka, Orsova, and Caransebes,