Second period in history of domestic service 54 Substitution for redemptioners of American “help” 54 Democratic condition of service 55 Observations of European travellers 55 Characteristics of the period 61 Third period in the history of domestic service 62 The Irish famine of 1846 62 The German revolution of 1848 63 Opening of treaty relations with China in 1844 64 Abolition of slavery in 1863 65 Effect of these movements on domestic service 65 Development of material resources 66 Effect of this on domestic service 67 Immobility of labor of women 68 Change in service indicated by history of the word “servant” 69 Early meaning of the word “servant” 69 Use of word “help” 70 Reintroduction of word “servant” 71 Impossibility of restoring previous conditions of service 72 CHAPTER V ECONOMIC PHASES OF DOMESTIC SERVICE