INDEX 233 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE 47. Wings of Rhamphorhynchus _Frontispiece_ 1. Lung of the lung-fish Ceratodus 5 2. Attachment of the lower jaw in a Mammal and in a Pterodactyle 12 3. Chaldæan Dragon 15 4. Winged human figure from the Temple of Ephesus 16 5. Flying fish Exocoetus 18 6. Flying Frog 19 7. Flying Lizard (Draco) 20 8. Birds in flight 22 9. Flying Squirrel (Pteromys) 24 10. Bats, flying and walking 25 11. Skeleton of _Pterodactylus longirostris_ 28 12. The skeleton restored 29 13. The animal form restored 30 14. Fore limbs in four types of mammals 38 15. Pneumatic foramen in Pterodactyle bone 46 16. Lungs of the bird Apteryx 48 17. Air cells in the body of an Ostrich 49 18. Lung of a Chameleon 51 19. Brain in Pterodactyle, Mammal, Bird, and Reptiles 53 20. Skull of Kingfisher and Rhamphorhynchus 63 21. Skull of Heron and Rhamphorhynchus 65 22. Palate of Macrocercus and ? Campylognathus 71 23. Lower jaw of Echidna and Ornithostoma 76 24. First two neck vertebræ of Ornithocheirus 81 25. Middle neck vertebræ of Ornithocheirus 83 26. Back vertebra of Ornithocheirus and Crocodile 86 27. Sacrum, with hip bones, of Rhamphorhynchus 88 28. Extremity of tail of _Rhamphorhynchus phyllurus_ 91 29. Hip-girdle bones in Apteryx and Rhamphorhynchus 95 30. Pelvis with prepubic bone in Pterodactylus 96 31. Pelvis with prepubic bones in Rhamphorhynchus 97 32. Pelvis of an Alligator seen from below 98 33. Femora: Echidna, Ornithocheirus, Ursus 100 34. Tibia and fibula: Dimorphodon and Vulture 102 35. Metatarsus and digits in three Pterodactyles 104 36. Sternum in Cormorant and Rhamphorhynchus 108 37. Sternum in Ornithocheirus 109 38.